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Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department
Petra Christian University
INTRODUCTION 1
 INTRODUCTION
General Requirements
Limit State Design
Specifications / Standards

ANALYSIS & DESIGN METHOD

Method of Design
Safety Provisions
Loads

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Concrete Properties
Steel Bar Properties
Reinforced Concrete & Steel Arrangement

INTRODUCTION 2
INTRODUCTION 3
 What Do Structural Engineers Realy Do ?
A E S 6 Criteria
* AESTHETIC Beauty
* ECONOMY Economy
* STRENGTH
PERFORMANCE
* STABILITY
BASED
* STIFFNESS Durability
DESIGN
* SERVICEABILITY
* SOUNDNESS
* SUITABILITY Convenience

INTRODUCTION 4
 1. Stability
a. Static
b. Dinamic
2. Strength
a. Static
b. Dinamic
3. Serviceability
a. Deflection
b. Lateral Drift
c. Crack
d. Vibration
INTRODUCTION 5
 4. Durability
a. Minimum compression strength
b. Depth of concrete covering
c. Cement Content
d. Cement Type
e. ........

5. Fire Resistance
a. Depth of concrete covering
b. Minimum dimension
c. Depth of protection material
d. Duration of Fire Resistance

6. Structural Integrity
Protection of progressive collapse
INTRODUCTION 6
 1. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
a. Loss of equilibrium
b. Rupture
c. Progressive collapse
d. Formation of plastic mechanism
e. Instability
f. Fatigue

2. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

a. Excessive deflections
b. Excessive crack width
c. Undesirable vibration
INTRODUCTION 7
 3. SPECIAL LIMIT STATES
a. Damage or collapse in extreme earthquake
b. Structural effects of fire, explosions or
vehicular collisions
c. Structural effects of corrosion/deterioration
d. Long-term physical or chemical instability
(not a major problem in concrete structures)

INTRODUCTION 8
 a. Tata Cara Penghitungan Struktur Beton untuk
Bangunan Gedung, SNI 03-2847-1992

b. Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa

untuk Rumah dan Gedung, SNI 1726-1989-F

c. Tata Cara Perencanaan Pembebannan

untuk Rumah dan Gedung,SNI-1727-1989-F

d. Tata Cara Perencanaan Bangunan dan

Lingkungan untuk Pencegahan Bahaya
Kebakaran pada Bangunan Rumah dan
Gedung, SNI-1735-1989-F
INTRODUCTION 9
 e. Tata Cara Perencanaan Struktur Bangunan untuk
Pencegahan Bahaya Kebakaran pada Bangunan
Rumah dan Gedung, SNI-1736-1989-F

f. Local/Regional Standards regarding to Building

Construction Regulation.
i.e :DKI Jakarta : Peraturan Daerah Khusus Ibukota
Jakarta, No.7 tahun 1991, tentang Bangunan dalam
Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta

g. Another Standards published by Public Work

Department (PU), Research & Development Division
of Public Work Department.
INTRODUCTION 10
 h. Another Additional Standards dealt with
subjects that uncovered by Standar
Nasional Indonesia (SNI),
i.e : American Concrete Institute (ACI),
New Zealand Code, British Standards etc.

INTRODUCTION 11
  METODA TEGANGAN KERJA
(Working Stress Design /
Allowable Stress Design - ASD)

 METODA TEGANGAN BATAS

(Ultimate Strength Design /
Load & Resistance Factor Design - LRFD)

INTRODUCTION 12
  PBI 1971  SNI
* Allowable Stress Load & Resistance
Design (ASD) Factor Design (LRFD)

Q  R
SF Q  R
* Ultimate Strength
Design

s Q  R
m p
Where :
Q = load  = load factor
R = nominal strength of material  = reduction factor
SF = safety factor
INTRODUCTION 13
 R
Q 
SF

Where :
Q = load
R = nominal strength of material
SF = safety factor

INTRODUCTION 14
 Q   Rn

Where :
 = load factor
 = reduction factor
Q = load
R n = nominal strength of material

INTRODUCTION 15
 1. Overloaded probability 
covered by Load Factor
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.05 (D + L R  E)
= 0.9 D  E
= 0.75 (1.2 D+1.6 L+1.6 W) etc….

2. Understrength probability 
covered by Reduction
Factor
 Bending without axial load  = 0.80
 Axial Tension  = 0.80
 Axial Compression
* conventional stirrup  = 0.65
INTRODUCTION * spiral stirrup  = 0.70 16


 3. Reasons for Safety Factor Necessity
1. Variability in Strength
a. Variability of concrete strength &
steel reinforcement
b. Actual dimension  design dimension
c. Simplification of Assumptions

2. Variability in Loading

3. Consequences of Collapse
a. Loss of human life
b. Loss of material, time, ......
c. Cost of renovation and re-built
INTRODUCTION 17
 
R R
> re S =

Load efect, Q
S ilu 
Fa R Ln (R / Q)
Q1 1 > e b=
S f
Sa  (V R2 + V Q2)
Q2
2 P f = 460 e -4.3b
R1 R2

Resistance, R b = 3.5 ; P f = 1.1 x 10 -4

b = 4 ; P f = 3.2 x 10 -5
b = 4.5 ; P f = 3 x 10 -6

 = R e
Frequency

-baVR

by
 R = R/R N

 = U e baVU

0 Y=R-Q
P [(R - Q) < 0] Safety margin
= shaded area = Pf

INTRODUCTION 18
 40

Minimum specified
Number
30

20

10

54 60 66 72 78 84 90

Yield Stress (Ksi)

Distribution of steel yield stress for

grade 60 reinforcement (Allen 1972)

INTRODUCTION 19
 80

Yield Strength (Ksi) 70 •

• •
•
• • • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• •
•
60 •

50

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 18

Bar Size

Variation in mill test yield strength with

bar size grade 60 reinforcement (Grant 1976)
INTRODUCTION 20
 60 57.4
N = 1844
x = 0.06 in

Frequency (%)
50

40
 = 0.28 in
30
Range = 2.25 in

20 15.8
12.9

10 6.2
3.0 1.8 2.3
0.1 0.2 0.3

-1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0

X = Deviation from size on drawings

Difference between actual widths of

columns and the sizes shown on drawings.
(Tso and Zelman 1970)
INTRODUCTION 21
 40
Minimum specified for any bar
Minimum specified for any lot of bars

Number 30

20

10

0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06

Area / Nominal Area

Ratio of actual bar area to nominal area

(Allen 1972)

INTRODUCTION 22
 Number of Columns (%)
40 40

Number of Beams (%)

35 35

30 30

25 25
Average = 1.01 Average = 0.98
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Mtest / Mcalc Ptest / Pcalc

Comparison of strengths calculated

using rectangular stress block to
strength measured in laboratory tests.
(Mattock et al.1961)

INTRODUCTION 23
 Maximum Strength
Axial Load
800
Mean Strength
(Kips) 600
ACI Strength

400 Minimum Strength

200

0
20 40 60 80 100 120

Moment (Kips)
Dispersion of strengths of eccentrically
loaded columns in a randomly generated
sample of 1000 columns (Grant 1976).

INTRODUCTION 24
 SUBSTANTIAL PARAMETERS CAUSE
DEVIATION
IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE DESIGN
BENDING fy 63 %
BEAM As 24 %

BENDING d 56 %
SLAB fy 31 %
As 12 %

COLUMN f c’ 89.9%
fy 9.8%

SHEAR s 70 %
fy 16 %
INTRODUCTION 25
 1. Mass unit of building material :
Steel = 7850 kg/m 3
Un-reinforced concrete = 2200 kg/m 3
Reinforced concrete = 2400 kg/m 3
Wood/timber = 1000 kg/m 3
Glass = 2500 kg/m 3
Sand = 1800 kg/m 3
Soil = 2000 kg/m 3
Water = 1000 kg/m 3
2. Dead load of building component :
Cement specimen with 10 mm thick = 0.21 kPa
Aspalt with 10 mm thick = 0.14 kPa
Brick wall (one brick thick) = 4.50 kPa
Brick wall (½ brick thick) = 2.50 kPa
Batako wall with 200 mm thick = 2.00 kPa
Batako wall with 120 mm thick = 1.20 kPa
Ceiling with AC ducting = 0.30 kPa
Granite floor = 0.26 kPa
Floor specimen with 10 mm thick = 0.22 kPa
INTRODUCTION
Precast panel + granite = 4.50 kPa 26
 Live Loads Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of
Slab and Frame* Earthquake*
Room Secondary Beam
(kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2)

1. Office 2.50 - 4.00 1.50 - 2.40 0.75 - 1.20

2. Hotel, hospital, 2.50 1.875 0.75

Apartment

3. School 2.50 2.25 1.25

4. Market, Dept.store 2.50 2.00 2.00

5. Parking Area :
- single floor 0.80 7.20 4.00
- others 4.00 3.60 2.00

6. Multifunction Hall 5.00 4.50 2.50

7. Library, storage 4.00 - 5.00 3.20 - 4.00 3.20 - 4.00

8. Stair :
- Office 3.00 2.25 1.50
- Hotel 3.00 2.25 0.90
- Others 3.00 2.70 1.50
INTRODUCTION 27
* Reduced Live Load (L R)
 Number of storey Live Load Reduction Coefficient multiplied with
supported by column sum of axial live load supported by columns
1 1.0
2 1.0
3 0.9
4 0.8
5 0.7
6 0.6
7 0.5
more than 7 0.4

INTRODUCTION 28
 10-3 Motorcycle racing Avoidable risks connected
Mining with daring people = 10-3 per year
Automobile travel
10-4 Swimming Avoidable risk connected
Airplane travel with careful people = 10-4 per year
Fire in Building
10-5 Poisoning Unavoidable risk :
Structural collapse = 10-5 per year

10-6
Lightning

10-7

10-8 Vaccinations

INTRODUCTION 29
INTRODUCTION 30
 STANDARD SPECIMEN COMPRESSION
STRENGTH

SNI Cylinder fc’ = 15, 20, 25,

15 x 30 cm 2 30, 35 ….
(0.83) (MPa)

PBI’71 Cube K 175, 225, 300

15 x 15 x 15 cm 3 ……
(1.0)  bk’ (kg/cm 2)

K 225  bk’ = 225 kg/cm 2

f c’ = 18.3 MPa
INTRODUCTION 31
 CORRELATION OF CYLINDER AND CUBE SPECIMEN
Cube Specimen Cylinder Specimen
(150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) (150 mm x 300 mm)
(MPa) (MPa)
15 12
20 16
25 20
30 25
35 30
40 35
45 40
50 45
55 50
Note : For seismic region, compressive strength fc’  20 MPa
should be used (SNI-03-2847-1992, 3.14.2.4(1))
INTRODUCTION 32
 TYPE NOTATION ELEMENTS

BjTP24 5  16 beam, column

un-deformed bar
with f y = 240 MPa 10 - 200 slab

BjTD40 5 D 16 beam, column

deformed bar
with f y = 400 MPa D13 - 150 slab
Practically :
U 24  f y = 240 MPa = 240 kg/cm 2)
U 39  f y = 3900 kg/cm 2
INTRODUCTION 33
 STEEL PROPERTIES
Type of Nominal Cross Yield Ultimate
Steel Bar diameter Section strength strength
(mm) Area fy fu
(mm 2) (MPa) (MPa)

BjTP-24  6 6 28.30
 8 8 50.30
 10 10 78.50
 12 12 113.00 Minimum Minimum
 16 16 201.00 240 390
 19 19 284.00
 22 22 230.00
 25 25 491.00

BjTD-40 D 10 10 78.50
D 13 13 133.00
D 16 16 201.00
D 19 19 284.00 Minimum Minimum
D 22 22 380.00 400 570
D 25 25 491.00
D 29 29 661.00
D 32 32 804.00
INTRODUCTION 34
 IS A COMBINATION BETWEEN :

CONCRETE
which has a good performance in
Compression but poor in Tension

and  
STEEL
which has a good performance

INTRODUCTION
both in Tension and Compression
 
35
 CONCRETE + STEEL IS A GOOD COMBINATION

 A strong bondage between

steel bar and concrete
surround it could prevent
the occurrence of slip.

 Concrete has a high impermeability for protecting

steel from corrosion

 Concrete and Steel have a close thermal expansion

value  so the stress difference due to termal
is not significant ( 1.2 x 10 -5 /C)
INTRODUCTION 36
 1 compression

1
1-1 tension
Crack

Bending Moment (+)

INTRODUCTION 37
 2
tension

2
Crack compression
2-2

Bending moment (-)

INTRODUCTION 38
  Draw the deflection shape and the cracking -
pattern developed at this continuos beam.

 Draw the bending moment diagram of beam.

 Draw the reinforcement arrangement for beam.

INTRODUCTION 39
End of presentation