• IMAGE TRANSFORMS

INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR IMAGE TRANSFORMS
Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing

• ‘spatial frequency’ is used to describe the

rate of change of pixel intensity of an
image in space. It can be visualized using
the line profile of the image in any row or
column.
Image Profile/Spatial Frequency
 Types of image transforms

• Essentially there are two categories of

transforms available
1. Orthogonal Transforms(Basis fns are sinusoidal in nature)
EX:DFT,DCT

2. Non-sinusoidal Transforms.
EX:Walsh-Hadamard and Haar Transforms
 Transforms

In image processing, a kernel, convolution matrix, or mask is a small matrix. It

is used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, and more.
• DFT
Introduction to Fourier Transform
• The inverse Fourier transform is expressed
mathematically as
DFT(DISCRETE FORM)
DFT
 Discrete Fourier Transform

Example

Main Image (Gray Level) DFT of Main image Logarithmic scaled

(Fourier spectrum) of the Fourier spectrum
• DCT
Discrete cosine Transform
DCT
 Discrete Cosine Transform

Example

Main Image (Gray Level) DCT of Main image Logarithmic scaled

(Cosine spectrum) of the Cosine spectrum
DCT Example

30
Blockwise DCT Example

31
SVD Transform
 KL Transform
Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)
Hotelling transform or Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
PCA
PCA