GAS TURBINE

PRINCIPLE :-- Fluid is drawn into the compressor

and after compression passes to a combustion
chamber. Energy is supplied in the combustion
chamber by spraying fuel into the fluid stream, and the
resulting hot gases expand through turbine. In our case
working fluid is atmospheric air.

Gas turbine operates on the principle of Brayton cycle.

 COMBUSTION 3 BRAYTON CYCLE
CHAMBER

2 TURBINE
T COMPRESSOR
E 4
M
P 1
COOLING

ENTROPY
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
2 3
P
R
E COMPRESSOR TURBINE
S
S
U 1 4
R COOLING
E
VOLUME
 FUEL

EXHAUST
CC

D G

AIR
IN
D-DIESEL ENGINE
CC-COMBUSTION CHEMBER
G-GENERATOR
GAS TURBINE
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GAS TURBINE
ATOM. FUEL
AIR FUEL AIR FILTER COMBUSTION
COMP. PUMP CHAMBER

JAW
CLUTCH GENERATOR EXITOR

DIESEL ACC. MAIN

TURBINE
ENGINE GEAR COMP.
TORQUE
CONVERTOR
RATCHET DIVERTOR
DAMPER
BOOSTER MOP MHOP BYPASS
COMPRESSOR STACK

HRSG
 FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS MAJOR COMPONENTS

DIESEL ENGINE: ---

It is required to supply a high torque at the time of starting to drive the
turbine upto the firing speed and then fire turbine to reach self sustaining
speed. It also drives the start up compressor till the main compressor
comes into the service.

TORQUE CONVERTOR:---
It is used to provide the required torque and speed for the
cranking of the turbine.

RATCHET:----
The ratcheting system is provided for rotating the shaft either before
start up or after the shutdown of the machine.

JAW CLUTCH:---
The function of jaw clutch is to engage/disengage diesel engine to
gas turbine.
ACCESSORY GEAR BOX:----
Accessory gear box performs the following multiple functions.
1) To drive the various accessories at their designed speed and required
torque.
2) To connect and disconnect the tubine from the starting device.
3) To trip the turbine mechanically through over speed bolt mechanism.

VARIOUS COMPONENT DRIVEN BY ACCESSORY GEAR BOX ARE.

A) Main Hydraulic Oil Pump (MHOP).

B) Main Lube Oil Pump (MOP).
C) Main Atomising Air Compressor.
D) Fuel Oil Pump.
AIR INLET SYSTEM:---- It is required to provide clean air to the compressor from the
atmosphere. The atmospheric air passes through a set of
filter element and then to the inlet plenum of the main air
compressor.
MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR:--- Compressor is axial flow type with 17 stages. The
compressor suction recieves clean air from the air
inlet system. The compressed air is used in GT for
the various purposes as described below.
A) Combustion of fuel in combustion chamber.
B) Cooling of various turbine parts.
C) Sealing of oil in bearings.
D) Purging of air filters.
INLET GUIDE VANES(IGV):---It is located at the after end of inlet casing. The
position of these vanes controls the quantity of
compressed air flow. Vanes are actuated by a
hydraulic cylinder connected to the control ring
that turn the individual pinion gears mounted at
the end of each vane.
COMBUSTION SECTION:--- The combustion system is reverse flow type. The high
pressure air from the compressor reverses its path in the
transition pieces and then move to the annular spaces
that surround each of ten combustion chambers.
EACH COMBUSTION CHAMBER HAS THE FOLLOWING MAIN PARTS:----
a) Nozzle Flow Sleeve
b) Liner
c) Transition Piece
d) Cross Fire Tube
e) Spark Plug (2 nos.)
f) Flame Detectors(2nos.)
FUNCTIONSOF VARIOUS PARTS
A) TRANSITION PIECES:--- It directs the hot gases from the liner to turbine nozzle.
B) NOZZLE:--- It disperses and mixes the fuel with proper amount of combustion air.
C) CROSS FIRE TUBE:--- A passage to propagate the flame from one combustion
chamber to another after the initiation of fire by spark plug.
D) COOLING OF LINER WALL:--- A film of main compressor discharges air shields
E) COMBUSTION CHAMBER:---
In the combustion chamber, hot combustion gases
from the reaction zone passes to the dilution zone where additional
amount of air is mixed to bring the temp. of hot gases to desired level.
F) SPARK PLUG:---
Combustion is initiated by the spark plugs provided in two
combustion chambers when the firing command is given by the
Mark - V. The spark plug operates at the voltage of 11 KV & this
high voltage is supplied by ignition transformer.
G) ULTRA VIOLET FLAME DETECTOR:---
During the starting sequence, it is essential that indication of
presence or absence of flame in the combustion chambers be
transmitted to the Mark-V. The two nos. flame detectors are
provided in combustion chamber no. 7 & 8 to meet the purpose.
H) FUEL NOZZLES:---
Each combustion chamber has one nozzle & each nozzle has four
inlets for Natural Gas, liquid fuel, Purge air & atomising air. The
liquid is atomised by means of atomising air. The swirl tip in the
nozzle imparts a swirl in the combustion air for complete
combustion and resulting in the smoke free operation of the unit.
TURBINE:---
The turbine has two stages. Turbine section is the area in which heat
heat energy in the form of pressurised hot gases produced by the
compressor and combustion sections is converted into the mechanical
energy. The main parts and features of turbine are described below.
A) COOLING OF BUCKETS:---
As the first stage bucket are the first to encounter the extremely hot
gases, hence longitudinal holes are provided in these buckets for cooling
as air is passes through holes.
B) TURBINE ROTOR COOLING:---
Rotor cooling is done by means of a positive flow of cool air radially
outward through a space between the wheel and the buckets, then through
the stator and finally in to the main gas stream area which is called wheel
space.
C) FIRST STAGE WHEEL SPACE COOLING:---
The forward wheel space cooling is done by compressor discharge air
which is leaking through the labyrinth. This air discharges in to the main
gas stream. The aft wheel space is cooled by 2nd stage nozzle cooling
air.
D) SECOND STAGE WITH SPACE COOLING:---
Forward wheel space is cooled by leakage from Ist stage aft wheel
space through the inter stage labyrinth. Aft wheel space is cooled by
air from the internal extraction system. This air enters the wheel
space through slots in the forward face of the spacer.
 SPECIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE
AIR COMPRESS0R
1. NO OF STAGES : 17
2. TYPE : AXIAL FLOW
3. CASING SPLIT : HORIZONTAL
4. COMPRESSION RATIO : 1:10.3
5. RATED SPEED : 5100 RPM
6. EXTRACTION : 4th, 10th & 17th STAGE FOR COOLING,
SEALING & AIR FILTER, PULSE CLEANIG.
TURBINE
1. NO OF STAGES :2
2. TYPE : IMPULSE
3. CASING SPLIT : HORIZONTAL
4. MINIMUM CONTINUOUS
SPEED : 4896 RPM
5. IGNITION SPEED : 940 RPM
6. SELF SUSTAING SPEED : 2640 RPM
7. MECHANICAL TRIP SPEED : 5737 ± 50
8. ELECTRICAL TRIP SPEED : 5610 +30
COMBUSTION SYSTEM

1. TYPE : REVERSE FLOW

2. NO OF COMBUSTER : 10
3. NO OF FUEL NOZZLE/
COMBUSTERS :1
4. TYPE OF IGNITORS : AUTOMATIC RETRACTING TYPE
5. NO OF IGNITORS :2
6. NO OF FLAME DETECTORS :2
7. TYPE OF FLAME DETECTORS : ULTRA VIOLATE
8. FIRING TEMP. AT BASE LOAD : 963°C AT TRAILING EDGE OF 1st
STAGE NOZZLE.
9. FIRING TEMP. AT PEAK LOAD : 996°C.
ISO OUTPUT WITH NG : 26.3 MW
IS0 OUTPUT WITH DISTILLATE : 25.8 MW
HSD & NAPTHA : FUEL FOR GT & HRGS.
HEAT RATE WITH NG : 3021.5 KCAL/KWH
HEAT RATE WITH DISTILLATE : 3041.5 KCAL/KWH
 ENTROPY CHART

T
E
M
P USED HEAT
E ENERGY
R
A REJECTED
T HEAT ENERGY
U
R
E
ENTROPY
 EFFECT OF INCREASED
BACK PRESSURE

T
E
M
USED HEAT
P
E ENERGY
R
A
T REJECTED
U HEAT ENERGY
R
E

ENTROPY
EFFECT OF INCREASED STEAM
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE

T
E
M USED HEAT
P ENERGY
E
R
A REJECTED
T HEAT ENERGY
U
R
E
ENTROPY
 EFFECT OF REHEAT ON
CYCLE EFFICIENCY

T
E
M
P ADDITIONAL HEAT
USED
E INPUT IN THE
HEAT ENERGY
R REHEATER
A
T REJECTED
U HEAT ENERGY
R
E

ENTROPY
 3
T 4
E
M USED HEAT
P 2
ENERGY
E
R
A REJECTED
1
HEAT ENERGY
T
U
R
E
ENTROPY

GAS TURBINE CYCLE

 3
T 4
E
M USED HEAT
P 2
ENERGY
E
R
A 1 REJECTED
T HEAT ENERGY
U
R
E
ENTROPY

GAS TURBINE & HRSG

COMBINE CYCLE
 COMPARISON OF GT & STG
SLN0 GAS TURBINE STEAM TURBINE
1 EFFICIENCY SIMPLE CYCLE = 29% TURBINE CYCLE=30%
CO-GENERATION= 85%
2 GESTATION PERIOD LOW(18 MONTHS) HIGH (30 MONTHS)
3 LIFE AROUND 10 YRS. THEN 20 TO 25 YRS.
REQUIRES MAJOR MAINT.
4 MAINTENANCE COST HIGH LOW
5 OPERATION COST LOW HIGH
6 STARTING TIME LESS( 12 TO 15 MIN) MORE ( 1 TO 2 HRS. )
7 GOVERNOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED HYDRAULIC
8 AUXILIARIES/UTILITY LOW HIGH
9 EMISSION ( Nox, Sox ) LOW HIGH
 GAS TURBINE TRIPPING
PARAMETERS UNITS
1 LUBE OIL HEADER PRESSURE LOW 0.7 kg/cm2
2 LUBE OIL HEADER TEMPERATURE HIGH 78 degree C
3 BEARING VIBRATION HIGH 25.4 mm/sec
4 EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE HIGH TTRBXB + 22
5 EXHAUST DUCT PRESSURE HIGH 12" WC
6 INLET DUCT PRESSURE 8" WC
7 FUEL GAS PRESSURE LOW 13 bar
8 TURBINE OVERSPEED 110%
9 TRIP OIL PRESSURE LOW 1.3 kg/cm2
10 FLAME FAILURE
11 LOSS OF FUEL