CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASES

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ACIDS IN DAILY LIFE

Hydrochloric acid, HCl Nitric acid, HNO3

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

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WHAT IS AN ACID ?

an acid is a chemical compound

which ionises in water to produce
hydrogen ions, h+

Arrhenius
The Relationship between
H+ and H3O+ :

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MONOPROTIC ACID
Examples : HCl , HNO3

* Monoprotic acid produces one mole of hydrogen

ion when it ionises in water.

Diprotic Acid
Examples : H2SO4

* Diprotic acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions

when it ionises in water.
 WHAT ARE BASES AND ALKALIS
?

a base is a chemical compound which ionises in

water to produce hydroxide ions, oh- 6
Bases which dissolve in water is called alkalis

Examples of alkalis :

Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonia

H2O NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-

NaOH → Na+ + OH- 7
ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWING THE
PROPERTIES OF ACID/ALKALI
Acid
Pure acid / acid in organic
solvent consists of
covalent molecules only.
H+ is not present.
Example:
Dry/glacial ethanoic acid,
Ethanoic acid in
propanone
Acid only shows it’s
acidic properties in the
presence of water.
Alkali
Pure alkali in the
dry state does not
exhibit alkaline
properties - No
hydroxide ions.
Alkali only shows
their alkaline
properties in the
presence of
water.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

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 Chemical Properties of Acid
acid + base  Acid + Metal →
salt + water Salt + Hydrogen Acid + carbonate →
Salt + water +
H2SO4 + ZnO → 2HCl + Mg → carbon dioxide
ZnSO4 + H2O MgCl2 + H2
2HCl + CaCO3 →
CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Burning
wooden
Splinter
Alkali Lime
acid water
Acid Acid
Calcium
Metal carbonate
 Chemical Properties of Alkali

Alkali + acid  Alkali + ammonium Alkali + metal ion

salt + water salt  salt + water +  insoluble metal
ammonia gas hydroxide
NaOH + HCl  NaOH + NH4Cl 
NaCl + H2O 2OH- + Cu2+ 
NaCl + H2O + NH3
Cu(OH)2 (s)

Red
litmus
paper
Alkali ammonia

Alkali + Metal ion

Acid ammonium + alkali
Heat salt
 ACIDS & BASES

More acidic More alkaline

Strong Acid Weak Acid Weak Alkali Strong
(Low pH) (High pH) (Low pH) Alkali(High pH)

Ionises
completely in Ionises partially in
Ionises partially in Ionises completely
water - high water - low
water - low in water - high
concentration of concentration of
concentration of concentration of
hydrogen ions. hydrogen ions.
hydroxide ions hydroxide ions.
Eg: HCl, HNO3 , Eg: Ethanoic acid,
Eg: ammonia, NH3 Eg: NaOH, KOH
H2SO4 CH3COOH
CONCENTRATION ???????

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CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS & ALKALIS

 Is the Quantity of solute in a

 given volume of solution

 unit for molarity

 (mol dm-3) or molar (M)

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CONCENTRATION AND MOLARITY

÷ molar mass

concentration Molarity
(g dm-3) (mol dm-3)

x molar mass

Refer to examples in text book page 124.

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 CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND
ALKALIS

MV_
No. of mol
1000

M = Concentration in mol dm-3 [Molarity]

V = Volume in cm3
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

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 PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS

 A solution in which
 its concentration is
accurately known is
called standard
solution.

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DILUTION OF SOLUTION
90 cm3
distilled water
added

M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = Molarity of original solution / mol dm-3
V1 = Volume of original solution / cm3
M2 = Molarity of the diluted solution / mol dm-3
V2 = Volume of original solution + volume of water added /cm3
 NEUTRALISATION – ACID BASE TITRATION

Acid

Alkali
+ phenolphthalein
Pink Colourless
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
End point – the point in the titration at which the indicators changes
colour.
Colour in medium
Indicator
Alkali Neutral Acid
Methyl orange Yellow Orange Red
Phenolphthalein Pink Colourless Colourless
BALANCE THE EQUATION FOR THE
NEUTRALISATION REACTION BELOW

 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

 H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 → BaSO4 + H2O

 CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O

 H3PO4 + NH3 → (NH4)3PO4 + H2O

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 DO YOU KNOW THAT
NEUTRALISATION IS USED IN OUR
DAILY LIFE ???

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ACID-BASE TITRATION