Global Networks

Global networks cover

interrelations and interconnections
of people, services, and institutions
beyond the local, domestic, or
Definition national borders and instead span
the whole world.
 Global networks come in variety of
forms:
Business and trade – physical and
financial flows
Communication networks – e.g. the
Definition internet
Transport networks – e.g. air travel
and container/bulk shipping
 Global networks come in variety of
forms:
Production networks – particularly
those of transnational corporations
Political networks – especially those
Definition that focus on economic/trade ties
Demographic networks – flows of
people
Globalization

• Comes from the word globalize which refers

to the rise of global networks of economic
systems.
Globalization

• A process involving the interconnections,

diffusion, and exchange of goods, services,
ideas, and people.
Four Forms of Globalization
-Paul James (2014)

1. Embodied globalization – movement or

migration of people.
2. Agency-extended globalization – dispersion
and exchange of agents/representatives of
various institutions, polities, and
organizations.
Four Forms of Globalization
-Paul James (2014)

3. Object-extended globalization – mobility of

goods, commodities, and other objects of
exchange such as machinery, money, and food
items.
4. Disembodied globalization –diffusion of ideas,
knowledge, and information such as the dos and
don’ts of dating, Confucian philosophy, and
good study habits across the world.
Globalization

• As defined by the sociologist Anthony

Giddens (1991), globalization is “the
intensification of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa.”
 Globalization led to the
shrinking of international space
and increasing consciousness of a
whole, single world society as it
facilitates the “widening,
deepening and speeding up of
global connection” (David Held, et
al. 1999)
 Economic globalization
Sociocultural globalization
Dimensions
of Political globalization
Globalization Natural environment globalization
Economic Globalization

• Refers primarily to international business

which covers all contracts and negotiations
concerning sales, investments, mobilization,
and related transactions undertaken by two or
more regions, countries, and nations outside
their political territories.
Economic Globalization

• It refers to the increasing interdependence of

world economies as a result of the growing
scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies.
Forerunners of
economic
globalization are the
multinational
companies (MCs) or
transnational
companies which
have branches in
two or more
countries.
 Economic globalization
increases the process of
economic integration among
countries leading to the creation
of a common market or a free
trade area.
 Integration among
economies, whether developed
or developing, is facilitated by
foreign investment, diminishing
trade barriers, reforms in tax and
financial policies, and
standardization of rules and
regulations, among others.
Sociocultural Globalization

• Has two (2) components:

Cultural globalization
Social globalization
 Refers to the spread of ideas,
values, and meanings across
Cultural countries, broadening and
Globalization increasing social relations.
 It paves the way for the creation of
shared norms as well as of
Cultural broader and deeper knowledge of
Globalization other cultural identities.
Cultural
Globalization
 Covers the diffusion of beliefs,
practices, and issues concerning
population growth, media,
Social urbanization, tourism, education,
Globalization and sports that also drives nations,
institutions, and governments to
expand social relations.
Social
Globalization
 Involves institutions, public
policies, and practices that cut
Political across national borders to
Globalization facilitate international agreements
and transactions.
 Concerns the environment where
Natural the interaction of living species
Environment takes place.
Globalization
 Natural environment globalization
Natural promotes the sharing of the
Environment natural resources by all humanity
Globalization and through generations.
 The Internet, both a product
and a stimulus of globalization,
plays a key role in connecting
peoples and integrating polities, The
economies, and cultures and is
unconstrained by national Internet
boundaries.
 It is also currently the fastest
vehicle of globalization, defying
distance that once hampered The
communication and human
interaction. Internet
 In 2010, computer users comprised
of 22% of the world’s population. Of this
percentage, 300 million were Internet
users reading blogs, 1billion used Google
daily, and 2 billion viewed YouTube videos
every day.
 Political scientist Rosa Gomez Dierks
(2001) considered the Internet as the “key
organizing principle” of globalization.
Through it, people, governments, and
firms around the world are
interconnecting, interrelating, and
exchanging ideas, beliefs, goods, and
services.
Negative Effects of Globalization

1. Delocalization – covers the decreasing

face-to-face encounter both for local and
international transactions. It creates a sense
of detachment and a different perception of
community in the individual.
Negative Effects of Globalization

2. Decrease in the power of national

government – the internationalization of
financial markets, new technology, and
services tend to constrain the national
governments’ freedom of action.
Negative Effects of Globalization

3. Rise of MNCs – MNCs established their

branches in countries with cheaper raw
materials and workforce. Their use of local
raw materials contributes to the rapid
depletion of the host country’s natural
resources and the deterioration of the
environment.
Negative Effects of Globalization

3. Rise of MNCs – Many MNCs also create

products designed to entice the youth,
resulting in the development of
consumerism at a young age.
Negative Effects of Globalization

4. Social inequality – Unregulated capitalism

led to the unbalanced economic
development of some regions. Wealth
inequality among individuals also exist.
Negative Effects of Globalization

4. Social inequality – In 2013, a small group of

multibillionaires totalling 85 has acquired
wealth equivalent to the wealth acquired by
the 3.5 billion or half of the world’s poorest
population.
Negative Effects of Globalization

4. Social inequality – Moreover, MNCs have

weakened labor unions due to anti-labor
policies and measure issued by national
governments, supposedly to reciprocate the
contribution of the MNCs to the national
treasuries.
 International Labor
Migration
Changing Families, Communities, & Societies
 International Labor Migration
(ILM) refers to the movement of a
labor force from one country to
another. The labor force is composed
Definition of skilled, semiskilled, or
professional workers.
 These workers migrate from
the sending (home) country to
the receiving (host) country,
where demand for a particular
labor force exists.
 Other impetus for labor migration
include socioeconomic and
political crises, natural calamities,
International widening wage gaps, desire to
Labor join relatives, benefits from a host
Migration country’s public services, and
adventurism.
 Insufficient revenues for
industrialization, modernization
and other development projects,
International serious unemployment problem,
Labor and demand for workers abroad
Migration are factors that caused the
adoption of a labor export policy
in the late 1960s-1970s.
 This was also attributed to the
liberalization of the provision on
movement of natural persons
International (Mode 4) as stipulated in WTOs
Labor General Agreement of Trade and
Migration Services (GATS)
*Mode 4 covers natural persons who are either service
suppliers (such as independent professionals) or who
work for a service supplier and who are present in
another WTO member to supply a service
 Urgel (2012) mentioned
some of the major findings
regarding the multidimensional
consequences on the individuals,
families, societies, and
economies.
 Evolution of new family and
household structures

• This concerns the formation of transnational

family, transnational household, and global
household.
 Evolution of new family and
household structures
• Traditional family – the members cohabit under
one roof.
• Transnational family – composed of members
related by consanguinity, live apart from one
another but remain connected as one or more
of them live or work abroad.
 Evolution of new family and
household structures
• Transnational household – household located in
two or more countries. In other words, there are
“homes” located in more than one country.
• Global household – relies on members to
maintain and sustain the household while living
in separate countries.
 Utilization of modern technology to
sustain family bonds across time and
space

• Another consequence is that activities are done

with the aid of modern information and
communications technology (ICT)
 Utilization of modern technology to
sustain family bonds across time and
space

• These modern technologies “eliminate” or blur

the expansive space between family members,
and make a “presence” despite of the physical
absence of migrant parents, creating a “virtual
home” which is only a representation of the
actual home.
 Reconfiguration of family
arrangements and roles

• An impact of this function and role

rearrangement is the existence of plural
authority figures at home which sometimes
confuses the children as to whom to obey or
listen to.
 More political and economic
empowerment in the family and
community for women

• For families with men as migrant workers, the

women attain added political and economic
strength through taking over some of the
traditional tasks assigned to the husband,
including headship.
 More political and economic
empowerment in the family and
community for women

• When a woman is working abroad, she

becomes economically and politically
empowered through her monthly remittances,
the transfer of money by a migrant worker to
the home country.
 Proliferation of families with unstable
marriages and separated or divorced
parents

• Studies show that higher incidence of divorce

occurs among migrant households than among
nonmigrant households.
• Separation brings emotional suffering in the
family, especially if mistrust has developed in a
couple.
 Culture of migration

• ILM develops a culture of migration which is

reflected by an outward-looking labor force.
This may, however, have some effect on their
sense of nationalism and identity.
 Modern ICT serves a vital
function in connecting the
separated members of the family
and in minimizing the pains of
physical separation between the
migrant workers and their
families.
 One criticism against the ILM
is the continuing phenomenon of
brain drain, the movement or
migration of skilled and educated
labor force out of a country.
Cooperation &
Collaboration
Keys to Better Interrelations
 The interrelations and
exchange of peoples, nations,
industries, and institutions have
been carried out more effectively
and fruitfully by means of
collaboration and cooperation.
 Collaboration

• It is working together toward a common end or

goal by actors who are not necessarily allies.
• Here, the actors set aside their differences and
focus on their mutual interest which is the
attainment of common goals.
 Cooperation

• Jointly working in pursuit of a common end or

goal by actors who consider themselves as
friends.
Cooperation &
Collaboration
Keys to Better Interrelations
Another area where cooperation
among firms is manifested vividly
is in the international division of
labor.
 International Division of Labor

• It involves the distribution of the production

tasks of MNCs in various locations in and out of
their home countries.
 Due to ICT advancements
and the worldwide
implementation of the policy of
trade liberalization, MNCs
changed their focus from stand
alone overseas investment
projects to global network
flagships.
 This refocusing integrates
their scattered bases of supply,
knowledge, and customers into
regional and international
production networks.
 This refocusing also aims to
connect the flagship company’s
own subsidiaries, affiliates, and
partners with its suppliers,
subcontractors, and service
providers. Thus, creating a
production network.
 Role of Enhanced ICT in
Production Network

• Facilitates the speedy dispersion of resources

and services beyond national boundaries.
• Broadens the breadth of cross-border
transactions and interconnections.
 Role of Enhanced ICT in
Production Network

• Offers more room for the integration of the

diffused and distinct clusters.
• Information technology has significantly shrunk
the time and space involved in marketing,
production, and assessing local producers.
 Role of Enhanced ICT in
Production Network

• It has become easier to connect and coordinate

business transactions at distant locations, thus
facilitating cooperation.
Contributions of the
Various Parts to a
Whole
 The subsidiaries, affiliates,
partners, and regional
headquarters are all parts of a
whole which is the entire
operation and continuous
existence of each MNCs.
 These parts have to function
in accordance with the set of
conditions, rules, and standards of
the company.
 These functions and
responsibilities are prescribed
upon by the head office. They are
likewise made aware of their
roles in the successful
maintenance and unity of the
whole operation.
 An organization’s short-,
medium-, or long-term plans also
constitute a whole with its various
time frames and percentages of
accomplishments as parts. Each
period covered with the
corresponding percentage of
accomplished target should lead to
the attainment of the whole plan.
 Creative
Imagination
 Creative Imagination

• Involves the formation or creation of mental

images.
• It is the ability of the mind to transcend its
limits, explore the unseen, and tread the path it
would normally take.
 When you translate your
imagination into reality, you are a
creator of reality.
 “At times I feel certain I am right
while not knowing the reason.When the
eclipse of 1919 confirmed my intuition, I
was not in the least surprised. In fact, I
would have been astonished had it turned
otherwise. Imagination is more important
than knowledge. For knowledge is limited,
whereas imagination embraces the entire
world, stimulating progress, giving birth
to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real
factor in scientific research. (Albert Einstein in
his book Cosmic Religion and Other Opinions and
Aphorisms)
 Creative imagination is plays a
central role in putting together the
various parts of a whole. It is through
the imagination that an image is
created and its part identified.
Locating the OFWs
 In the Philippines, OFWs were
considered as “modern-day heroes”
because of the large amount of
remittances they send that kept the
Philippine economy afloat during the
1997 regional financial crisis.
 By finding employment abroad,
OFWs contribute in addressing the
unemployment problem in the
country as the number of the
unemployed population in the country
is reduced.
 The opportunities overseas make
life more comfortable for thousands of
Filipino families.
 OFWs a re scattered throughout
the world.
Top Countries where OFWs can be found (2013)
RANK COUNTRY
1 Saudi Arabia
2 Hong Kong
3 United Arab Emirates
4 Singapore
Saudi Arabia Male > Female
Hong Kong Male < Female
Saudi Arabia Male > Female
Hong Kong Male < Female
Percentage of OFWs from the 3
major island groups of the PH

50% 50%

Luzon Visayas & Mindanao

 Top Overseas Jobs (2013)
RANK COUNTRY
Laborers and unskilled
1
workers
Service workers in shops
2
and markets
Workers in trading and
3
related work
 Types of Overseas Workers

• Land-based workers
• Sea-based workers
 Top 4 Land-based Occupational Categories
(2012-2014)
RANK COUNTRY
1 Household service workers
2 Professional nurses
Waiters, bartenders, and
3
related workers
Caregivers, caretakers, and
4
cleaners
Source: POEA
 Top 4 Sea-based Occupational Categories
(2012-2014)
RANK COUNTRY
1 Able seaman
2 Oiler
3 Ordinary seaman
4 Cook
Source: POEA
 Rank of Regions Receiving OFWs
RANK COUNTRY
1 Asian countries
2 European countries
3 Australia & Oceania
4 Africa
Source: POEA