BASIC MATERIAL

TESTING METHODS
Proponents:
Darelle David Malaca
Jethro Moron
Melborne Boridor
BSME 4A
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
O I. Material Testing
O II. Tension Test
O III. Compression Test
O IV. Impact Test
O V. Beam Deflection Test
O VI. Shear Test
O VII. Torsion Test
Material Testing Methods
O Materials testing studies the behaviour of
materials under different loads.
- relationship between the acting forces and
the resulting deformation
- limit stresses
Material Testing Methods
Mechanical Property Testing Method

Elasticity, plasticity
Tensile test, compression test, bending test, torsion
test
Stiffness, material behavior under static load

Creep behavior Creep rupture test

Hardness Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers

Toughness Impact test

Fatigue Behavior, fatigue strength Wohler fatigue test

Material Testing Methods
Fracture Type
Forced fracture
• occurs abruptly
• matte or glossy crystalline
and partially fissured surface
over the entire cross section;
in ductile
fractures, shear lips often
occur at the edge
Fracture
Stress
Mechanism
Static overstress Tensile test, Impact test
a) low-deformation cleavage
fracture occurs when the
largest direct stress exceeds
the cleavage fracture stress
b) ductile fracture
(microscopic honeycomb
fracture) occurs when the
largest shear stress exceeds
the yield stress
c) a low-deformation
intergranular fracture
can occur with a reduction of
the grain boundary cohesion
Material Testing Methods
Fatigue fracture
• can develop following
repeated stress under the
influence of shear or direct
stress
• low-deformation fracture
Creep fracture
• continuous time-
dependent process
• sets in at higher
temperatures and eventually
leads to fracture, although
the material is loaded below
the hot yield point
• pores on grain boundaries
lead to material damage
Dynamic overstress Wöhler fatigue
Starting from notches or test
imperfections,oscillatory
cracks propagate through
the material. When the
material strength is
exceeded, the remaining
surface fractures
by way of a forced fracture.
Static stress, e.g. increased Creep rupture test
temperature
Countless cracks form
independently of each other
 TENSILE TEST
O Tension
- described as the pulling force transmitted
axially by the means of a string, cable,
chain, or similar one-dimensional
continuous object, or by each end of a
rod, truss member, or similar three-
dimensional object
 TENSILE TEST
O Tensile testing
- Determines the strength of the material
subjected to a simple stretching operation
- A test sample is loaded in tension when it
experiences opposing forces acting upon
opposite faces both located on the same
axis that attempt to pull the specimen
apart
 TENSILE TEST
O Purpose of Tensile Test
- designed to be run until the sample fails or
breaks under the load
- The measurements taken during the test
reveals the characteristics of a material
while it is under a tensile load.
TENSILE TEST
 TENSILE TEST
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
TENSILE TEST
 TENSILE TEST
O Tensile Testing Machine
 COMPRESSION TEST
O Compression
- application of balanced inward ("pushing")
forces to different points on a material or
structure, that is, forces with no net sum
or torque directed so as to reduce its size
in one or more directions.
 COMPRESSION TEST
O Compression Testing
- Any test in which a material experiences
opposing forces that push inward upon the
specimen from opposite sides or is
otherwise compressed, “squashed”,
crushed, or flattened
 COMPRESSION TEST
O The test sample is generally placed in
between two plates that distribute the
applied load across the entire surface area
of two opposite faces of the test sample and
then the plates are pushed together by a
universal test machine causing the sample
to flatten
 COMPRESSION TEST
O Purpose of Compression Test
- Determines the behavior or response of a
material while it experiences a
compressive load by measuring fundamental
variables, such as, strain, stress, and
deformation.
 COMPRESSION TEST
O With the understanding of these different
parameters and the values associated with
a specific material it may be determined
whether or not the material is suited for
specific applications or if it will fail under the
specified stresses.
COMPRESSION TEST
COMPRESSION TEST
COMPRESSION TEST
 COMPRESSION TEST
O Compression Testing Machine
 IMPACT TEST
O Impact Strength
- used to measure material’s ability to
withstand shock loading
- energy required to fracture a given volume
of material
 IMPACT TEST
O Impact Testing
- used to observe the mechanics that a
material will exhibit when it experiences a
shock loading that causes the specimen to
immediately deform, fracture or rupture
completely
 IMPACT TEST
O To perform this test the sample is placed into a
holding fixture with the geometry and orientation
determined by the type of test that is used and
then a known weight generally but not always in
the shape of a pendulum is released from a
known height so that it collides with the
specimen with a sudden force. This collision
between the weight and specimen generally
results in the destruction of the specimen but
the transfer of energy between the two is used
to determine the fracture mechanics of the
material.
 IMPACT TEST
O Purpose of Impact Testing
- determine the ability of the material to
absorb energy during a collision
IMPACT TEST

1- Pendulum Hammer
2- Axis of Rotation
3- Scale with trailing pointer
4- Notched Specimen
H- Height of Fall
h- Height of Rise
F- Force
 IMPACT TEST
O Impact Testing Machine
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST
O Bending/Flexure
- characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an
external load applied perpendicularly to a
longitudinal axis of the element.
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST
O Bending Test
- evaluates both the ductility and soundness
of a material.
- used as a quality control test for butt-
welded joints, having the advantage of
simplicity of both test piece and equipment.
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST

O Deforms the test material at the midpoint

causing a concave surface or a bend to form
without the occurrence of fracture and are
typically performed to determine the ductility
or resistance to fracture of that material.
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST
O Purpose of beam deflection testing
- Bend testing a material allows for the
determination of that materials ductility,
bend strength, fracture strength and
resistance to fracture.
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST

TEST PROCESS IN THE THREE- BENDING STRESS WITH

POINT BEND TEST PROFILE OF SHEAR FORCES
1- Pressure Piece AND BENDING MOMENT
2- Specimen Q- Shear Force
3- Two supports on which the beam is M- Bending Moment
mounted x- distance
F- Test Load
BEAM DEFLECTION TEST
O Bend Testing Machine
 SHEAR TEST
O Shearing
- refers to the occurrence of a shear strain,
which is a deformation of a material
substance in which parallel internal
surfaces slide past one another
 SHEAR TEST
O Shear Testing
- designed to apply stress to a test sample
so that it experiences a sliding failure
along a plane that is parallel to the forces
applied.
 SHEAR TEST
O Purpose of Shear Testing
- Determines the shear strength, which is the
maximum shear stress that the material
can withstand before failure occurs, of a
material
SHEAR TEST

Test process in the double-

shear test
1- Pull Strap
2- Specimen
3- Housing
F- Test Load
 SHEAR TEST
O Shear Testing Machine
 TORSION TEST

O Torsion
- twisting of an object due to an
applied torque
 TORSION TEST
O Torsion Test
- twists a material or test component to a
specified degree, with a specified force, or
until the material fails in torsion.
 TORSION TEST
O The twisting force of a torsion test is applied
to the test sample by anchoring one end so
that it cannot move or rotate and applying a
moment to the other end so that the sample
is rotated about its axis. The rotating
moment may also be applied to both ends of
the sample but the ends must be rotated in
opposite directions.
 TORSION TEST
O Purpose of torsion testing
- determine the behavior a material or test
sample exhibits when twisted or under
torsional forces as a result of applied
moments that cause shear stress about
the axis.
TORSION TEST

Test Process in the Torsion test

1- Rigid Clamping
2- Specimen
3- Rotating Clamping
4- Drive
Mt – Twisting Moment
y- Shearing Angle
Ψ-Twisting Angle
τ- Shear Stress
 TORSION TEST
O Torsion Testing Machine
 REFERENCES
O https://www.testresources.net
O https://gunt.de/images/download/Mechani
cal-materials-testing-methods-basic-
knowledge_english.pdf
O https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s
=Shearing%20(physics)&item_type=topic
O https://www.twi-global.com/technical-
knowledge/job-knowledge/bend-testing-
073/