Ch.

5 - Energy
I. Energy and Work

 Energy
 Work
 Conservation of Energy
 A. Energy
THERMAL The ability to
cause change.
internal motion of
particles

MECHANICAL
NUCLEAR
ENERGY motion of objects

changes in the
nucleus

CHEMICAL ELECTRICAL

joules (J) motion of electric

bonding of atoms
charges
 A. Energy
 Kinetic Energy (KE)
 energy in the form of motion
 depends on mass and velocity

• Which has the most KE?

80 km/h truck

• Which has the least KE? 80 km/h

50 km/h motorcycle
50 km/h

80 km/h
 A. Energy
 Potential Energy (PE)
 stored energy
 depends on position or
configuration of an object

• Which boulder has greater

gravitational PE?
• What other ways can an
object store energy?
 B. Work
 Work
 transfer of energy through motion
 force exerted through a distance

W: work (J)
F: force (N)
W = Fd d: distance (m)
1 J = 1 N·m

Distance must be in direction of force!

 B. Work
 Brett’s backpack weighs 30 N. How much
work is done on the backpack when he lifts
it 1.5 m from the floor to his back?
GIVEN: WORK:
F = 30 N W = F·d
d = 1.5 m W = (30 N)(1.5 m)
W=? W = 45 J

W
F d
 B. Work
 A dancer lifts a 40 kg ballerina 1.4 m in the air
and walks forward 2.2 m. How much work is
done on the ballerina during and after the lift?

GIVEN: WORK:
m = 40 kg W = F·d F = m·a
d = 1.4 m - during F =(40kg)(9.8m/s2)=392 N
d = 2.2 m - after W = (392 N)(1.4 m)
W=? W = 549 J during lift
W No work after lift. “d” is not
F d in the direction of the force.
C. Conservation of Energy
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Energy may change forms, but it
cannot be created or destroyed
under ordinary conditions.

 EX:
 PE  KE
 mechanical  thermal
 chemical  thermal
C. Conservation of Energy
PE  KE

View pendulum animation. View roller coaster animation.

C. Conservation of Energy
Mechanical  Thermal

View rolling ball animations. View skier animation.

II. Thermal Energy

 Temperature
 Thermal Energy
 Heat Transfer
 A. Temperature

 Temperature
 measure of the
average KE of
the particles in
a sample of
matter
 B. Thermal Energy
 Thermal Energy
 the total energy of the particles in
a material
 KE - movement of particles
 PE - forces within or between
particles due to position
 depends on temperature, mass,
and type of substance
 B. Thermal Energy
 Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
 B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
 C. Heat Transfer
 Heat
 thermal energy that flows from
a warmer material to a cooler
material
 Like work, heat is...
 measured in joules (J)
 a transfer of energy
 C. Heat Transfer
 Why does A feel hot and B feel cold?
 Heat flows from A to your hand = hot.
 Heat flows from your hand to B = cold.

80ºC 10ºC

A B
 C. Heat Transfer

 Specific Heat (Cp) Specific Heat Values

(J/(kg·K))
 amount of energy Water 4184
required to raise Alcohol 2450
the temp. of 1 kg Aluminum 920
of material by 1 Carbon (graphite) 710
Sand 664
degree Kelvin Iron 450
 units: J/(kg·K) Copper 380
or J/(kg·°C) Silver 235
 C. Heat Transfer
Specific Heat Values
 Which sample will (J/(kg·K))
take longer to heat to Water 4184
100°C? Alcohol 2450
Aluminum 920
Carbon (graphite) 710
Sand 664
Iron 450
50 g Al 50 g Cu Copper 380
Silver 235

• Al - It has a higher specific heat.

• Al will also take longer to cool down.
 C. Heat Transfer

Q = m  T  Cp
Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp : specific heat (J/kg·K)

– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
 C. Heat Transfer

 Calorimeter
 device used to
measure
changes in
thermal energy
 in an insulated
system, Coffee cup Calorimeter

heat gained = heat lost

 C. Heat Transfer
 A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?

GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? Q = (0.032kg)(-40°C)(235J/kg·K)
Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = – 301 J
 C. Heat Transfer
 How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g = 0.23 kg
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (0.23kg)(78°C)(4184 J/kg·K)
Cp= 4184 J/kg·K Q = 75,061 J