Microwave

Networks
 Outlin
e
• Single port & Multi port
networks
• Characterization of multi
port networks
• Low frequency
parameters
• Introduction of S-
parameters
 What is a
A pair of terminals is called port
a Port I1

+
One Port
V1 Network
_ I1

Ex: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Diode,

etc. are two terminal single port
devices
 Two Port
Networks
• Any complex circuit can be modeled as
a two port network having input and
output ports with relations
I1 I2
+ +
Two Port
V1 V2
_ Network _

• Transistors, Transformers, etc. can be

modeled as two port networks
 Multi Port
Networks
 Characterization of
Networks
The following parameters are used to
characterize two port/multi port
networks
• Z – Parameters
(Impedance Parameters)
• Y – Parameters
(Admittance Parameters)
• h – Parameters (Hybrid
Parameters)
• ABCD – Parameters
(Transmission Parameters)
• S – Parameters
(Scattering Parameters)
 Z-
• I , and I ( independent
Paramete
variables) relates V , V
1 2 1 2
(dependent variables) through I rs I 1 2

impedance elements + +
V1 = f1 (i1, Two Port
i2) V1 V2
_ Network _
V2 = f2
V1 � �z11 (iz121,i
� ��2)1 �
I V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
�
V �= �z z �� I �
�2 � �21 22 ��2 � V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2

V1 V2
= Z11 Input Impedance = Z21 transfer impedance
I1 I1
I2=0 I2=0

V2 V1
= Z22 Output Impedance = Z12 transfer impedance
I2 I2
i1=0 I1=0
 Y-
• V , and V ( independent
Paramete
variables) relates I , I
1 2 1 2
(dependent variables) through I rs I 1 2

admittance elements + +
I1 = f1 (V1, V2) Two Port
V1 V2
I2 = f2 (V1, V2)
_ Network _

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2

I1 I2 Transfer
= Y11 Input Admittance = Y21
V1 V1 admittance
V2=0 V2=0

I2 I1 Transfer
= Y22 Output admittance = Y12
V2 V2 admittance
V1=0 V1=0
 Low frequency
parameters
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2 I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
Z parameters Y parameters
V2 = z21I1 + z22I2 I2 = y21V1 + y22V2

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 ABCD

V1 = AV2 - BI2
H parameters
parameters
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 I1 = CV2 - DI2
 Connection of
two ports
 z =za   zb 
za
Series Connection
zb

ya
 y= ya   yb 
Parallel Connection
yb

Cascaded Connection Ta Tb T  = Ta  Tb 

 Why S-
Parameters
The measurement of Z, Y, h and ABCD
parameters is difficult at? microwave
frequencies due to following reasons.
• Non availability of terminal voltage
and current measuring equipment
• Short and Open circuits are not
easily achieved for a wide range of
frequencies
• Presence of active devices
(Transistor, Gunn diode) makes the
circuit unstable for short or open
circuit
 S-
•
Paramet
S – parameters completely characterize
a microwave network ers
• S-parameters are defined based on
the concept of travelling waves with
associated powers in terms of incident
and reflected waves.
• S-parameters make the use of short
or open completely unnecessary at
microwave frequencies
• S-parameters make use of matched loads
for terminations, since the loads absorb
all the incident energy, the possibility of
serious reflections back to the device or
 Scattering
Matrix
• The scattering matrix is a square matrix,
which gives all the combinations of
power relationships between various
input and output ports.
• The elements of scattering matrix are
called scattering parameters or
scattering coefficients
- 
�
V1 � �S11 S12 � V1 �
�
� �=
-� � �� �
�
V2 � �S 21 �
S 22 �� �
V2 �
�
 S-parameters of a
two port network
• To define S-parameters accurately we
will consider a voltage phasor Vi+ i.e.
incident wave and a voltage phasor Vi-
i.e. reflected
V
1 wave fromV +the terminals of
+
2

a two port network (i = 1, 2)

Two Port
Network

V1- V2
-

V1- = S11 V1  S12 V2

V2- = S 21 V1  S 22 V2
 S-parameters of a
V1-
two port network
S11 =  ; V2 = 0 S11 = Input reflection
V1
coefficient
V2-
S 21 =  ; V2 = 0 S21 = Forward
V1
transmission
coefficient
V1-
S12 =  ; V1 = 0 S12 = Reverse
V2
transmission
coefficient
V2-
S22 =  ; V1 = 0 S22 = Output reflection
V2
coefficient
Questions &
Answers