Nature of Science and Technology

Technology
Mathematics SCIENCE

PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL

Physics ZOOLOGY
Chemistry
Earth science/ BOTANY

Geology
ECOLOGY
Astronomy

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND
ATTITUDE
 There is no one scientific method

 The success of science rests more on the attitudes

common on scientists than on some particular
methods. These attitudes include honesty,
objectivity, resourcefulness, creativity, curiosity,
persistence, open mindedness, humility and
willingness to admit error, critical mindedness and
social responsibility
 GENERAL EDUCATION
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 study of non-living things or inanimate object
including:
 broad discipline concerned with natural
phenomena of the earth, atmosphere and space.
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Geology/Earth Science
 Astronomy
 MEASUREMENT
• The measurement of any quantity is made
relative to a particular standard or unit that
must be specified along with the numerical
value of the quantity.
• Physical quantities – can be measured
using numbers
 The seven base quantities and their corresponding units are;
Quantity Description Name of SI Symbol of SI
Unit Unit
Mass Amount of Kilogram kg
substance in
the body
Length Distance Meter m
between two
points
Time Duration of Second s
two events
Electric Flow of ampere A
current charges or
electrons
Quantity Description Name of SI Symbol
Unit
Temperature Degree of Kelvin K
hotness and
coldness of a
body
Luminous Measure of Candela cd
intensity light
intensity
Amount of Amount of Mole mol
substance particles in
the body
 Other quantities in physics
1. Scalars – magnitude & no direction
2. Vectors – magnitude & direction
 Scalar or Vector
1. 5m
2. 30 m/sec, East
3. 5 mi., North
4. 20 degrees Celsius
5. 256 bytes
6. 4000 calories
 Scalars or Vectors?
1. The football player was running 10 miles an
hour towards the end zone.

2. The volume of that box at the west side of

the building is 14 cubic feet.
3. The temperature of the room was 15
degrees Celsius.
 ENERGY
The capacity or power to do work, such as
the capacity to move an object (of a given
mass) by the application of force.
Energy can exist in a variety of forms, such as
electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, or
nuclear, and can be transformed from one
form to another
Energy – capacity to do work; always
transformed from one form to another
Work – done when an object applies a
force on another object and this force
displaces the other object
 SOURCES OF ENERGY
 renewable source
 non-renewable source
Renewable sources

• source that is not permanently depleted

when used ; can be replenished
– Solar/sun
– Geothermal
– Hydrothermal
– biomass
Non-renewable

• energy source that is permanently depleted

when used.
Examples:
fossil fuels, coal/propane, nuclear energy
FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy comes in two basic forms:
POTENTIAL or KINETIC
• Kinetic Energy – energy related to the motion of
particles
 Thermal energy –is the internal energy of an object due to the KE of
its atoms or molecules.
movement of molecules
 Electrical energy (light)– is a form of energy resulting from the
flow of electric charge.
movement of charges
 Mechanical energy(motion) – movement of systems of objects
 Radiant energy – energy that travels by waves or particles,
particularly electromagnetic radiation, such as heat, or xrays.
 Sound energy-is the form of energy associated with the vibration of
matter
• Potential energy is any type of stored energy, it can be

1. Chemical energy –energy stored in a bond of chemical

compounds
- is released when bonds form in a chemical reaction, often
producing heat as a by product(exothermic)
2. Nuclear energy- energy released during nuclear fission and
fusion, esp when used to generate electricity.
3. Gravitational energy-is the PE held by an object because of its
high position compared to a lower position. In other words, it is
energy associated with gravity
4. Mechanical energy-is the sum of KE and PE in an object that is
used to do work. In other words, it is the energy in an object due to its
motion or position, or both
 EVIDENCES OF ENERGY
• Motion – a change in the position of an object relative to a
reference point
• Heat – energy that is transferred due to a difference in
temperature between two systems
• Sound – vibrations that can travel through the air or
through another medium and can be heard when they
reach a person’s or an animal’s ears
• Light - an electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength
falls within the range to which the human retina responds
Law of conservation of energy – energy cannot
be created nor destroyed but can only be
transformed from one form to another. The total
energy of a system is constant.

• Power is the rate of doing work or the rate at

which an object or machine expends energy.
The unit of power is watts (W) or horsepower
(hp).
 Description of Motion
• Displacement – the change in the position of an object
relative to a reference point
• Speed – a measure of how fast something is moving
• Instantaneous speed – speed in an instant i.e. speed
indicated in a speedometer
• Average speed – the ratio of the total distance covered by
an object and the total time of travel
• Velocity – speed in a given direction
• Acceleration – measure of how fast the
velocity changes with respect to time
Force is described as a push or a pull. It is present only when
objects interact.
Classification of forces
• Contact forces – includes friction, tension, applied force and
normal force
• Non contact forces – includes gravitational force, electrostatic
force, magnetic force and strong and weak nuclear forces
Effects of force
• Acceleration
• Rotation
• Deformation
 Speed and Velocity
• Speed refers to how fast an object is moving.
It is calculated by the displacement of space
per unit of time.
• Velocity refers to rate at which an object
changes position in a certain direction. It is
calculated by the displacement of space per
unit of time in a certain direction.
 Mass and Weight
Mass is the actual amount of material contained
in the body and is measured on kg, and grams
Weight-is the force exerted by that gravity on
that object. Note that mass is independent of
everything but weight is different on the earth,
moon etc.,
 Distance and Displacement
Distance- is a measurement of length between two
positions along a path. It has SI units of metres and
is a scalar quantity.
Displacement- is a measurement of how far away
something is from a point and in what direction. It
ignores the path taken between the two points.
Displacement also has units of metres but is a
vector quantity.
 Newton’s Law of Motion
• Law of Inertia (1st law)
• Law of Acceleration (2nd law)
• Law of Interaction
• Law of inertia (1st Law) – an object that is at rest
will remain at rest and an object that is in motion will
continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed
unless acted upon by an outside force.
– Explains the use of seatbelts, why overloading in buses
are prohibited and various behaviors of materials when
there are changes in its motion, rolling ball
• Inertia is the property of a material to resist changes
in its state of rest or state of motion. Greater mass
means greater inertia. Smaller mass, smaller inertia
• Law of Acceleration (2nd Law) – the
acceleration of an object is in the same
direction and is directly proportional to the
net force applied. The acceleration is also
inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.
• F = ma
F = ma
1 N = (1kg) (1 m/s^2)
Law of Interaction (3rd Law) – in every
action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.

• Tells that forces come in pairs – action force

and reaction force
• Action and reaction force are equal in
magnitude, are directed in opposite
directions and are acting on different bodies
The laws are:
• (1) Every object moves in a straight line unless
acted upon by a force.
• (2) The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force exerted and
inversely proportional to the object's mass.
• (3) For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
 HEAT
• Heat is energy in transit. It is transferred
from a system with a high temperature to a
system with a low temperature
• Change in temperature – when heat is
absorbed, temperature of system increases,
when heat is released, temperature of
system decreases
• Expansion when heat is absorbed by system and
contraction when heat is released by system
WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction (solid)
• Convection (liquid, gases)
• Radiation (anything that will
allow radiation to pass)
CONDUCTION
• transfer of heat molecule by molecule. Usually happens
in solid.
• Different materials conduct heat at different
rates. Conductors, such as metals, transmit heat
very easily. Insulators such as plastic, do not
readily transmit heat.
CONVECTION (liquids ,gases)
- transfer of heat through convection currents, usually
happens in fluids. Local and global wind patterns are greatly
affected by convection currents of heated masses of air.
- motion of the fluid itself carries heat from one place to
another.
• Natural Convection – Movement is due to the difference
in densities, hot air is less dense than cold air thus hot
air rises and cold air sinks.
• Forced Convection - movement of heated substance is
due to the use of a fan or a pump.
RADIATION (anything that will allow radiation
to pass)
- transfer of heat through space via
electromagnetic waves.
- there is no direct contact between
higher temperature and lower temperature
• Example of radiation is the sun in
transmitting heat
Sound waves are mechanical in nature. They are
produced from vibrating sources placed in a
material media thus they need a material medium
to propagate.
• Sound cannot travel in vacuum because there are
no molecules to pass on the vibration.
• Sound can be transmitted through solids, liquids
and gases. Sound travels fastest in solids and
travels slowest in gases. The speed of sound in air
is 340 m/s.
• The speed of sound waves is also affected by
temperature and humidity. Generally, the speed
of sound increases with increasing temperature
in air. Sound travels slightly faster when
humidity rises.
• Sound waves are audible to the human ears
within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 000
Hz. Sound waves of frequency lower than 20 Hz
are called infrasound and sound waves of
frequency higher than 20 000 Hz are called
ultrasound.
Light waves
- are electromagnetic in nature. Light is
the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum
that can be detected by the human eye. The
electromagnetic spectrum is shown below
• Light of different frequencies is seen as different
colors. If all the colors of the visible spectrum are
mixed together it produces white light.
– Humans see things because white light is reflected
from the object and the reflected light enters the
human eye.
– When exposed to a white light, a green object looks
green. This is because the green object absorbed
other colors but reflects green light into the
observer’s eye.
– When exposed to a white light, a white object
looks white because it reflects all light colors
falling on it.
– When exposed to a white light, a black object
looks black because it absorbs all light colors
falling on it and none is reflected to the
observer’s eye.
• Light exhibits the properties of waves such as
reflection, refraction, diffraction and
interference.
• Images are formed in mirrors by the reflection
of light.
• Materials that allow light to pass through them
are called transparent material. Materials that
do not allow light to pass through them are
called opaque.
• Light bends (refraction) as it travels from one
medium to another such as water and air. This
is the reason why a swimming pool full of
water seems to look shallow. Refraction also
causes the dispersion of light into different
colors when it pass through a prism.
 MOVING CHARGES

• Moving charges constitute an electric current

and electric current carries electrical energy as
it flows through a circuit. In a closed circuit,
the electric current is the flow of electrons
along the wires.
Types of circuits
• Series circuit – there is only one path for
current to flow. One switch will turn the
whole circuit on and off.
• Parallel circuit – there are several paths for
current to flow. Switches can be used to turn
the whole or just part of the circuit on and
off.
 CHEMISTRY
• is the study of the composition, properties
and changes that matter undergoes. Matter
is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
• Antoine Lavoiser – Father of Modern
Chemistry
 Properties of matter
• Physical properties – can be perceived by physical
senses. Physical properties are either extensive
(depends on the mass of the substance) or intensive
(does not depend on the mass of the substance)
• Chemical properties – properties that are only
observable when the substance reacts with another
substance thereby causing a change in the chemical
composition of the substance
 Changes that matter undergoes
• Physical change – changes in the physical properties of
matter and takes place without changing the chemical
composition.
• Chemical change – changes in the chemical properties
of matter; chemical composition is altered producing a
new substance
• Nuclear changes – changes in the nuclear properties of
matter
 Physical or chemical?
• Aluminum foil is cut in half
• Clay is molded to different shape
• Milk goes sour
• Jewellery tarnishes
• Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean.
• Rust forms on a nail left outside.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER
PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENOUS

NON-METALS SOLUTION

METALS METALLOID

COLLOID SUSPENSION
ACIDS SALTS

BASE
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
• HOMOGENEOUS MATTER - matter
which is observed to exhibit one phase

• HETEROGENEOUS MATTER-matter
which is usually observed with different
phases
Pure substance – a single, pure type matter
which is either a compound or an element; is
homogenous
Elements – a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler components
– Metals – conductors, malleable, ductile, lustrous
– Non metals – insulators, non malleable, brittle, non
lustrous
– Metalloids – can exhibit the properties of a metal or a
non metal
Compounds – a combination of elements that
can be separated by chemical means.
Elements combine to form compounds to
attain stability.
– Acids – has pH of less than 7
– Base – has a pH of more than 7
– Salt – product of a reaction of an acid and a base
 Solutions Blue Litmus Red Litmus
Paper Paper

Acid (H+) RED RED

Base (OH-) BLUE BLUE

MIXTURE – physical combination of two or
more substances
• Solution – a homogenous mixture
• Heterogeneous matter – matter which is usually
observed with different phases
– Colloid – a mixture that exhibits Tyndall effect,
scatters light passing through it
– Suspension – a mixture in which the particles are big
enough to be seen by the naked eye and are suspended
through the mixture
MATTER is composed of tiny particles
called atoms.
• Atoms consist of tiny, dense, positively
charged nucleus that is made up of:
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
ATOMIC MASS (A)
• The sum of protons and neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
• Number of protons
• An isotope of an elements has the same
number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
• A neutral atom has equal number of protons
and electrons.
• An atom that has a net electric charged is called
an ion.
– Cations are positively charged atoms (number of
electrons is less than number of protons).
– Anions are negatively charged atoms (number of
electrons is greater than number of protons).
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
electron configuration is the distribution of
electrons of an atom or molecule (or other
physical structure) in atomic or molecular
orbitals.

For example, the electron configuration of the

neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6
 Convert the following
A. 95 0F to 0C
B. 28 0C to 0F
C. 78 0F to K
Phase Change
 EARTH SCIENCE
• Earth Science is the study of the physical
structure of the earth and its atmosphere.
• The earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun in the
solar system. Its shape is oblate-spheroid.
About ¾ of its surface is covered with water.
• The earth rotates on its axis in a day (24 hours) and revolves
around the Sun in a year (365.25 days). The point where the
Earth is nearest the Sun during its revolution is called
perihelion and the point where the Earth is farthest from
the Sun is called aphelion.

• Revolving around the Earth is the moon called as Luna. The

moon revolves around the Earth for 27 and 1/3 days. The
location of the moon and the Earth relative to the Sun
during its revolution gives rise to the different phases of the
moon and eclipses.
• Full Moon – the Earth is in between the Sun and
the Moon
• New Moon – the Moon is in between the Sun and
the Earth
• Solar eclipse – the Moon casts a shadow on Earth;
occurs during New Moon
• Lunar eclipse – the Moon moves into the shadow
of the earth; occurs during Full Moon
The earth is made up of four different
spheres;
1. The Lithosphere
2. The Hydrosphere
3. The Biosphere
4. The Atmosphere
• The earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.50.
Seasons occur because of this tilting.
• Each part of the Earth’s surface receives
varying amounts of the Sun’s energy
throughout the year.
– When the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun,
– When the North Pole is tilted away from the
Sun, the southern hemisphere receives more of
the Sun’s energy and has higher temperature.
 LAYERS OF EARTH
• THE CRUST
• The Mantle
– Asthenosphere
– Lower mantle
• The Outer
• The Inner Core
 TYPES OF ROCKS
 Igneous rocks
 Sedimentary rocks
 Metamorphic rocks
Soil is part of the layer of rock and
mineral fragments that covers the Earth’s
land surface that supports the growth of
plants. Soil is composed of weathered
rocks, decayed remains of organisms
(humus), water and air.
LAYERS OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
1) Troposphere
2) Stratosphere
3) Mesosphere
4)Thermosphere
5) Exosphere
 WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere
at a particular place over a short time
- sunny, cloudy, rainy, windy
CLIMATE

• Climate is the average condition of the

atmosphere based on weather observations
over a long period of time.
• Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor
in air. Relative humidity is a ratio of the air’s
actual water-vapor content compared with the
amount of water vapor air can hold at a given
temperature and pressure. A relative humidity
of 100% means that the air is saturated, that is,
air contains the maximum amount of water
vapor that it can hold at a given temperature
and pressure.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
 Latitude
 Elevation or altitude
 Topography
 Bodies of water
 Atmospheric circulation
 Natural processes that affect
the climate
 Ocean circulation
 Volcanic circulation
 Solar activity
 Earth’s motion
 Human impact on climate
changes
• Greenhouse effect – warming of Earth’s lower
atmosphere and surface due to solar radiation being
absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere
– Primary pollutants in the atmosphere
• Global warming – an increase in global
temperatures due to increased levels of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
 Greenhouse gases
Water vapor • Natural process that warms the
earth surface
Carbon • Without greenhouse gases, the
Dioxide average temperature of Earth's
surface would be about −18 °C
Methane (0 °F),[2rather than the present
average of 15 °C (59 °F).[3][4][5] In
Nitrous Oxide the Solar System, the
Ozone atmospheres of Venus, Mars
and Titan also contain gases
that cause a greenhouse effect.
 GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
• INSERT PICTURE
 GLOBAL WARMING

• an increase in global temperatures due to

increased levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces
break a rock into smaller pieces without changing the
chemical composition of the rock. Causes of mechanical
weathering are
– Frost wedging – the break up of a rock due to the expansion
of freezing water in the cracks and crevices of the rock
– Biological activity – activity of organisms such as plants,
burrowing animals and humans
– Unloading – expansion of igneous rocks due to reduced
pressures causing slabs of outer rocks to break off
Chemical weathering – the transformation of a
rock into one or more new compounds
 PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
The plate tectonic theory states that the Earth’s
outer layer (lithosphere) is made up of plates,
which moves as a unit over the material of the
asthenosphere. The different types of plate
boundaries are
Divergent
Convergent
Transform fault
 EARTHQUAKE

• An earthquake is the shaking and trembling

that results from the release of energy along
faults. Faults are fractures in Earth where
movements occur.
EARTHQUAKE

• Focus is the point within Earth where the earthquake

starts
• Epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface that is
directly above the focus.
• An aftershock is a small earthquake that follows after
the main earthquake
• Seismographs are instruments that records
earthquake waves.
• Damage caused by earthquake waves to buildings
and other structures depends on several factors.
These factors include the intensity and duration of
the vibration, the nature of material in which the
structure is built and the design of the structure.
• Tsunami is the Japanese word for “seismic sea
waves”. Tsunami is triggered by an earthquake
caused by a slab of the ocean floor that is
displaced vertically along a fault. It can also
happen when the earthquake sets an underwater
landline into motion.
 Tropical Cyclone
• A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system
characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a
spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is
referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon , tropical
storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone.
– A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and north
eastern Pacific Ocean.
– A typhoon occurs in the north-western Pacific Ocean.
– a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean.
 Strengths/Warning Signal
winds of 30–60 km/h, expected to occur within 36 hours
Signal 1
winds of 61–120 km/h, expected to occur within 24 hours
Signal 2
3- winds of 121–170 km/h, expected to occur within 18
Signal 3 hours.

winds of 171–220 km/h, expected to occur within 12 hours.

Signal 4
winds of at least 220 km/h, expected to occur within 12
Signal 5 hours.
 PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
 ASTRONOMY

is a natural science that studies celestial objects

and phenomena. It applies mathematics,
physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain
the origin of those objects and phenomena and
their evolution.
 PLANETS
• MERCURY
• VENUS
• EARTH
• JUPITER
• SATURN
• URANUS
• NEPTUNE
Planet nearest to earth is VENUS
Hottest Planet is Venus
Biggest Planet is Jupiter
 DWARF PLANETS
• PLUTO
• HAUMEA
• MAKEMAKE
• ERIS
• "Rotation" is the turning of a body about an
axis that passes through the body, as in "Earth
rotates once a day.“
• "Revolution" is motion around a centre that is
external to the body, usually in orbit, as in
"Earth takes a year for each revolution around
the Sun.
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY - earth is the center of
the solar system
• HELIOCENTRIC THEORY – sun is the center of
the solar system
 OCEAN TIDES
• Tides are the rise and fall of the levels of the
ocean. They are caused by the gravitational
pull of the Sun and Moon as well as the
rotation of the Earth.
PHASES OF MOON
 ECLIPSE
SOLAR ECLIPSE – SME
LUNAR ECLIPSE -
FIN