Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Scientific
Notation base 10
What is Stoichiometry?
stoicheion (meaning "element") &
metron (meaning "measure").
Stoichiometry deals with calculations
about the masses (sometimes volumes)
of reactants and products involved in a
chemical reaction.
Jeremias Benjamin Ricthter
(1762-1807)
- was the first to lay down
the principles of
stoichiometry.
The Steps Involved in Solving Mass-Mass
Stoichiometry Problems
1. Make sure the chemical equation is
correctly balanced.
2. Using the molar mass of the given
substance, convert the mass given in the
problem to moles
3. Construct a molar proportion (two molar
ratios set equal to each other) following the
guidelines which will be set out in the tutorial.
Use it to convert to moles of the unknown.
4. Using the molar mass of the unknown
substance, convert the moles just calculated to
mass.
Example:
What is the molar ratio between
2 2
Example:
What is the molar ratio between
3 2
Example:
3 2
2 2
1. 2+
6 2 9
2. 2++ 8 3
ATOMIC MASS
- sometimes called atomic weight
- is the mass of the atom in atomic mass
unit (amu)
- defined as a mass exactly equal to the
one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12
atom.
MASS NUMBER = ATOMIC NUMBER +
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
The atomic number is the
number of protons in an atom of
an element.
- atoms have no overall electrical
charge. That means that there
must be a balance between the
positively charged protons and
the negatively charged electrons.
Atoms must have equal numbers
of protons and electrons.
An atom can gain or lose electrons, becoming what is
known as an ion. An ion is nothing more than an
electrically charged atom. Adding or removing electrons
from an atom does not change which element it is, just its
net charge.
For example, removing an electron from an atom of
krypton forms a krypton ion, which is usually written as Kr+.
The plus sign means that this is a positively charged ion. It
is positively charged because a negatively charged electron
was removed from the atom. The 35 remaining electrons
were outnumbered by the 36 positively charged protons,
resulting in a charge of +1.
Summary
Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic
Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
For krypton:
Number of Protons = Atomic Number = 36
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic
Number = 36
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
= 84 - 36 = 48
Total Molar Mass
1)
2)
amu
Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of
an Element
Atomic mass units provide relative scale for the
masses of the elements. But because atoms
have such small masses, no usable scale can be
devised to weigh them in calibrated units of
atomic mass units. In real situation, we deal
with macroscopic sample containing enormous
number of atoms
Empirical Formula from Percent Composition
1) Divide each percent by its atomic mass.
2) Divide each of those by whichever’s is
smallest
3) Find lowest whole number ratio.
Empirical formula for compound that is
48.38% C, 8.12 H, and 43. 5% O?
/2.72 = 1.5(2) = 3
/2.72 = 2.963.0(2) = 6
/2.72 = 1.0(2) = 2
A compound contains 20 grams of carbon, 3.33
grams of hydrogen, and 26.67 grams of oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula
ANSWER:
/1.67
/1.67
/1.67
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
1) Calculate the Empirical Formula
2) Divide Molar Mass by Empirical Formula
Mass
3) Multiply Empirical Formula by this value.
Determine the molecular formula of a
compound with the empirical formula of and a
molar mass of 200.04 g/mol
Example: Calculate the molecular formula of a
compound with the empirical formula and a
molar mass of126.12 g/mol.
Example: A compound has a empirical formula
and a molar mass of 86.16 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula?
Example: Calculate the molecular formula of a
compound with the empirical formula and a
molar mass of 264.18 g/mol.
Scientific Notation base 10
Example:
1) A certain medication is set to deliver
through an IV at a rate of
What is this rate in ?
2) A drug is administered at a rate of What is
this rate in ?