Ground rupture- displacement on the ground due to movement of

fault .
A. This will be experienced by areas where fault passes through (note
not all cracks on the ground that people see after a strong
earthquake are faults, some may just be surficial cracks because of
ground failure)
B. The movement may have vertical and horizontal component and
may be as small as less than 0.5 meters (Masbate 1994 earthquake)
to as big as 6 meters (16 July 1990 Earthquake).
Liquefaction- is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of
sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to
extremely intense shaking.
A. As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediment body will either
sink or tilt as the sediment could no longer hold the load, such as
what happened in Dagupan City during the 16 July 1990
earthquake. (e.g. San Francisco 1906:
http://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/
liquefaction_during_the_1906_san_francisco_earthquake)
4.Land subsidence can occur in various ways during an earthquake.
Movement that occurs along faults can be horizontal or vertical or have a
component of both. As a result, a large area of land can subside
drastically during an earthquake.
4.Land subsidence can occur in various ways during an earthquake.
Movement that occurs along faults can be horizontal or vertical or have a
component of both. As a result, a large area of land can subside
drastically during an earthquake.
Tsunami- sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean
floor by an earthquake

A. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by

under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater
than 5 meters.
also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a
water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake
 Earthquake-induced landslide- failures in steep or hilly slopes
triggered by an earthquake

A. Loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains

are prone to mass movement, especially when shaken
during an earthquake.
B. Many landslides occur as a result of strong ground shaking
such as those observed on the mountainsides along the
National Highway in Nueva Ecija and the road leading up to
Baguio City during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.
What are the potential hazards that can affect me, my
home and my community. How? Will I be affected by
(check all the will apply)
I. Ground Rupture (only if a fault passes through my
home) (Note: This will be important for areas with
known presence of faults)
II. Ground shaking:
III. Liquefaction (Note, only for areas near rivers,
coastal areas, underlain by soft sediments or
water-saturated materials)
IV. Earthquake-induced landslide (if my home is
near/ at the base or on the slope of a mountain side)
V. Tsunami (if my home is near the coast)
IV. Earthquake-induced landslide (if my home is
near/ at the base or on the slope of a mountain side)
V. Tsunami (if my home is near the coast)
This is a map of the Philippines showing locations of
most destructive tsunami events recorded in
Philippine history. We had around 90 destructive
earthquakes, around 40 tsunamis for past 400
years, and our coastal areas at eastern and western
margins fronting major seas and inland seas have
been affected by tsunamis
Tsunami- sea waves resulting from the disturbance
of ocean floor by an earthquake; is a series of giant
sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than
5 meters.
Tsunami vs Storm surge. A tsunami is a Japanese
word meaning “harbor waves”. A tsunami is commonly
generated by disturbances associated with
earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor.

It occurs when the earthquake is shallow-seated and

strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and
disturb the mass of water over it. In addition,
underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides can also
generate a tsunami.
Sometimes, tsunamis are erroneously called
“tidal waves”. Remember that tsunamis are
generated by earthquakes and tsunami waves
are generated because of movement of fault
under the sea. Tsunamis have nothing to do with
high tide and low tide which is caused by the
gravitational pull between the earth and moon
The increase in wave heights associated or during
typhoons (when there are strong winds) or tropical
cyclones are called “storm surges”.
Storm surges (wind-generated waves on the surface of the
sea) are not tsunamis (undersea earthquake-generated)
(from PHIVOLCS, 2008, Training Module School Teachers’
Seminar-Training on Natural Hazards Awareness and
Preparedness Focus on Earthquakes and Volcanoes )
Two kinds of Tsunami. There are two types of tsunami
generation: (1) local tsunami (2) and far field or distant
tsunami. The coastal areas in the Philippines especially those
facing the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Sulu Sea and
Celebes Sea can be affected by tsunamis that may be
generated by local earthquakes.
Local
Local tsunamis are confined to coasts within a hundred
kilometers of the source usually earthquakes and a landslide
or a pyroclastic flow. It can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5
minutes.
Far field or distant tsunamis can travel from 1 to 24 hours
before reaching the coast of the nearby countries. These
tsunamis mainly coming from the countries bordering Pacific
Ocean like Chile (1960 2010, 2015), Alaska in USA and Japan
(2011). PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) and NWPTAC
(Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center) are the
agencies that closely monitor Pacific-wide tsunami event and
send tsunami warning to the countries around the Pacific
Ocean. (from PHIVOLCS, 2008, Training Module School
Teachers’ Seminar-Training on Natural Hazards Awareness
and Preparedness Focus on Earthquakes and Volcanoes )
GROUP LEARNING ACTIVITY: READING and DISCUSSION SESSION (30
MINS)
1. Divide the class into 3 groups . 1 answer sheet per group. Analyze
reading materials to be discussed in class.
2. You have 5 mins to read the assigned material, and another 5
minutes to discuss. The group should answer this question:

Can you recognize what sign was observed by the main narrator of
the story?
READING No. 1 (“Warnings of a Tsunami Underway” from
“Where the First Wave Arrives in Minutes” (2010), UNESCO

READING NO. 2 (“The Sea May Withdraw Shortly Before it Attacks”

from Yulianto and Others, 2010. from “Where the First Waves Arrive
in Minutes, UNESCO)

READING NO. 3. (“The Sea May Boom” from Yulianto (2010). Where
the First Wave Arrives in Minutes)
 According to the reading material, under a different situation
such as a strong earthquake, and observance of changes in the
behavior of the sea.
What is the third observation that confirms incoming tsunami
waves?
Based on eyewitnesses, there is a distinct rumbling sound
made by incoming waves- described as Distinct roaring sound,
strange unusual strong sound (e.g. sucking sounds), rumblings
of many trucks or jet-like or gush of strong rain. So, this is the
3rd natural sound.
3. In summary, Natural Signs of an Approaching Tsunami To
mitigate the effect of the tsunami, the community should be
aware of the natural signs that they might observe. The three
natural signs of an approaching tsunami are:
I. A strong felt earthquake,
II. Unusual sea level change: sudden sea water retreat
(exposed sea beds – coral flats, fishes, etc..) or rise,
III. Unusual rumbling sound of approaching waves (e.g. sound
like that of a train)
 Based on stories from eyewitnesses and survivors of past
tsunamis, the following are the natural signs of an impending
tsunami
I. Feel an earthquake. If the ground shakes under your feet in a coastal
region, a tsunami may have been caused by a strong undersea
earthquake. However, you may not feel an earthquake if the event is far
away.

II. See ocean water disappear from the beach, bay or river Before a
tsunami arrives, water may recede from the shoreline before returning as
a fast-moving wall of water. If you notice the water is disappearing, tell
your family and friends and prepare to move inland
or to higher ground.
III. Hear an unusual roaring sound If you hear a loud roar approaching (a
bit like a passenger jet or a train), tell your family and friends. It could be a
tsunami approaching.
Quiz - True or False? Answer true or false to the
following sentences.
A. I should go to the shore to watch a tsunami.
B. All undersea earthquakes cause tsunami.
C. If I felt a strong earthquake while near the coast, I
should wait to hear the rumbling sound before moving
to high ground
D. If a small tsunami is coming, I should get out of the
water and wait until I hear it is safe to return.
E. Is a big tsunami is coming, I should
move as far inland as I can or to higher ground.
F. If I am swimming when a small tsunami comes, I could get
dragged out to sea by the strong rips and currents.
G. A tsunami is most often caused by undersea earthquakes.
1. Based on what they have learned so far, what are
the areas (in their city, municipality or province) that
can possibly be affected by tsunami ?
A. If my home is near the coast, will I be affected by
Tsunami? (depends if their area is fronting a known
offshore/ under the sea earthquake generator)
B. How do I prepare for tsunami? (How far is your
home/ school from the coast? To elevated area?)
2. Write your responses in your
notebooks.
I. Concepts of Magnitude and Intensity

A. Magnitude of an earthquake refers to the amount of energy

released, measured by the amount of ground displacement or shaking.
It is calculated based on record of the earthquake (seismograph). It is
represented by Arabic numbers (ex. 4.8, 9.0)

B. Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by

people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on relative
effects to people, objects, environment and structures in the
surroundings. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is
represented by Roman Numerals (ex. II, IV, IX).
II. Hazard Maps - People and properties are affected
by earthquake due to any or a combination of the
following: unsafe location, poor construction, people
don’t believe or know that they be affected, people
don’t know how they can be affected, people don’t
know what to do, and there is lack of timely and proper
response.
Scientists have for so long studied earthquake
occurrences and the hazards associated with them by
looking at impacts from major earthquakes. Based on
studies, given a specific earthquake scenario
(magnitude) maps showing areas likely to be affected
by a certain specific hazard and the degree of
expected impact are generated. The purpose is to be
able to use these maps.
A. As we learned in earlier modules, for earthquakes, there
are at least 5 earthquake-related hazards that one needs
to consider: ground rupture, ground shaking,
liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslides and
tsunami.

B. B. Hazard Maps are maps that show different hazards

that may affect a certain area. For earthquakes, a ground
shaking hazard map shows the distribution of
earthquake shaking levels that
have a certain probability of occurring. A ground rupture
hazard map shows areas wherein faults cut across. There
are hazard maps for liquefaction, earthquake induced
landslide and tsunami.
These maps were generated to provide the most accurate and
detailed information possible to assist engineers in designing
buildings, bridges, highways, and utilities that will withstand
shaking from earthquakes in an area. These maps are used by
local governments to help establish zoning, construction
requirements necessary to preserve public safety and for
purposes of general planning for disaster risk reduction and
mitigation.
Before
Before using the map, be sure that you understand
the basic parts-
A. Map Title (tells you what the map is all about);
B. Legend (details of what each symbols mean)
C. Scale (refer to the bar scale as this helps
determine distances, etc)
Activity 2- Precautionary Measures Before, During and After
Earthquake
1.Group the yourselves into 3 groups. One group will work on
BEFORE; second group will work on DURING, and third group
will work on AFTER.

1. Each group will work on precautionary measures: before an

earthquake; during earthquake; and after earthquake.

2. Each group present will their output.

Activity 2- Precautionary Measures Before, During and After
Earthquake
1.Group the yourselves into 3 groups. One group will work on
BEFORE; second group will work on DURING, and third group
will work on AFTER.

1. Each group will work on precautionary measures: before an

earthquake; during earthquake; and after earthquake.

2. Each group present will their output.

Before group – focus group discussion/symposium
During group – reporting ( tv patrol/24Oras)
After group – role play
Earthquakes alone don’t injure or
kill people.
What to do BEFORE an earthquake

I. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning.

A. Know the earthquake hazards in your area
B. Follow structural design and engineering practices when
constructing a house or a building
C. Evaluate structural soundness of the buildings and houses;
strengthen or retrofit if necessary
II. Prepare your homes, workplace or schools:

A. Strap or bolt heavy furniture, cabinets to the walls

B. Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and
chandeliers
C. Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable
materials should be stored properly in the lowermost
secured shelves
III. Familiarize yourself with the exit routes.

IV. Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and
communication facilities are located. Learn how to use them
beforehand.
A. Prepare a handy emergency supply kit with first aid kit, canned
food and can opener, water, clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio,
flashlights and extra batteries

V. Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills

What to do DURING an earthquake.

When you are INSIDE a structurally sound building or

home…STAY there! Do the “Duck, Cover and Hold on”
A. If possible, quickly open the door for exit.
B. Duck under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it, or
protect your head with your arms
C. Stay away from glass windows, shelves and other heavy
objects
D. Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes
open.
II. If you’re OUTSIDE.. move to an open area!

A. Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concrete

structures
B. Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by
landslides
C. If you’re near the shore and feel an earthquake
especially if it’s too strong, MOVE QUICKLY TO HIGHER
GROUNDS. Tsunamis might follow. III. If you’re in a
moving vehicle, STOP and get out! Do not attempt to
cross bridges, overpasses or flyovers
which may have been damaged.
 Do not panic. If there are kids, gather them together and
stay with them.
 Seek cover under strong tables, chairs and beds. If you
are outdoors, stay away from tall buildings and walls.
 Avoid staying near electric posts.
 Lay down on the ground.
 Use flashlights instead of open flames because it might
create a spark that could cause fire if there is gas leak.
 Ran outside the house if you have time.
What to do AFTER an earthquake.
I. Be prepared for aftershocks. Once the shaking stops, take
the fastest and safest way out of the building.
II. DON’T…
A. …use elevators
B. …enter damaged buildings
C. …use telephone unless necessary
D. …PANIC 63
III. CHECK…

A. …yourself and others for injuries

B. ..water and electrical lines for damages
C. …for spills of chemical, toxic and flammable materials
D. …and control fires which may spread
 Check every member of the family. If someone is
hurt, apply first aid.
 Do not go inside your house immediately because
there are often aftershocks.
 Check for damages inside the house.
 Shut off the main switch of the electricity.
 Stay away from damaged buildings.
 Report damages immediately.