ORGANISMIC BIOLOGY

Organismic Biology is a survey

course of the diversity of plants
and animals on Earth. The topic
will emphasize biodiversity,
evolutionary relationships,
adaptations, and ecology of
plants and animals.
 BIODIVERSIT Y

• generally refers to a diversity or variability of living

organisms present on this planet earth and other
species which have driven to extinction million years
ago.
• The term Biodiversity is also referred to as the
Biological diversity which mainly denotes to the
total number of different living specie
 BIODIVERSIT Y IN PLANTS

• The diversity of plants on the planet earth is an

important resource for food, shelter, and
agriculture.
• About thousands of plant crop species have
been identified, developed, used and relied on
for the purpose of food and agricultural
production in human history.
• Through the process of photosynthesis, plants
provide us with the oxygen which we breathe and
the sugars that provide the primary fuel for life.
 BIODIVERSIT Y IN ANIMALS

• Similarly to the plants, the biodiversity of animals

is vast and there are several animal species which
have been trained, domesticated and used for the
food production, for the agriculture and are the
primary biological capital for livestock
development.
• This plays a vital role in food safety and also in
maintaining the rural development.
 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP

• Plants and animals evolved together, so it is

not surprising that there are many complex
plant/animal relationships. This process of
interdependent evolution of two or more
species is called coevolution.
• Some relationships are beneficial to both
parties, while others have a clear benefit for
one at the expense, or even death, of the
other.
 ADAPTATIONS

• are those differences that appear in a subset of

individuals of a plant or animal species that turn out
to improve their survival chances in a specific
environment.
• Those individuals, therefore, tend to produce more
successful offspring for that environment.
• These changes may be physical or behavioral, or both.
• Plant and animal adaptations are the essence of
survival and evolution. All living species of plants and
animals have adapted over time in response to
conditions.
 ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

• may be physical or behavioral, or a

combination of the two.
• Physical adaptations to the environment.
Animals with useful traits that help them
survive in their environment are the animals
that survive to have offspring, to which they
tend to pass down the successful trait.
 PLANT ADAPTATIONS

• they lack a central nervous system that

responds to its environment in the same fashion
as animals
• plants make behavioral adaptions as well as
physical adaptations.
• are not more rudimentary than animal
adaptations. If anything, plant adaptations can
be more sophisticated, as they are often more
attuned to the plant's specific environment.
 ECOLOGY

• Also called as ecological science

• the branch of biology that studies the relationship
of plants and animals to their physical and
biological environment.
• The physical environment includes light and heat or
solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients in soil, water and atmosphere.
• The biological environment includes organisms of
the same kind as well as other types of plants and
animals.
•
 PLANT ECOLOGY

• is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies

the distribution and abundance of plants, the
effects of environmental factors upon the
abundance of plants, and the interactions
among and between plants and other
organisms.
• Plants are the most important part of the
ecosystem
 FUNCTION OF PLANTS

1. They provide oxygen for organisms to survive.

2. They are able to reduce the problem of pollution, by
using carbon dioxide.
3. These are also the basis of most food webs as
producers of food for herbivores and ultimately
carnivores.
4. Plants also provide shelter to the birds, animals and
insects etc
5. Roots of the plants hold soil tightly and prevent soil
erosion
6. plants provide us wood,cooton,fibre,rubber,wood,food
7. crop,fruits,medicines etc.
 ANIMAL ECOLOGY

• concerns the relationships of individuals to their environments,

including physical factors and other organisms, and the
consequences of these relationships for evolution, population
growth and regulation, interactions between species, the
composition of biological communities, and energy flow and
nutrient cycling through the ecosystem.
• All animals have important roles in the ecosystem.
• There seems to be an ecological balance between all animals in
nature. Some animals help to bring out the nutrients from the
cycle while others help in decomposition, carbon, and nitrogen
cycle.
 ANIMAL ECOLOGY

• All animals, insects, and even micro organisms play

a role in the ecosystem.
• All animals and plants in the ecosystem co-exist and
balance each other out, esigned for all the different
species of the world, where each has a role to play
without disturbing each other and without taking
the ecological balance off.
•