SOLAR RADIATION

SOLAR RADIATION

Presented by -

1) Rishanshu Gaurav - 03
2) Rakesh Kumar - 04
3) Satish Kumar - 13

Under the Guidance of

Dr. K. Namrata
RADIATION

 Sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic

waves, which is called radiation energy.
 The energy from the sun is X-ffered to the earth
in the form of photons moving at the speed of
3*10^8 m/s.
 When Photon energy- absorption (metal)- Heat
energy.
 When Photon energy- absorption (Plant)-
Chemical energy.
CONT….

 The heat energy received on the earth through

photons is responsible for earth’s temperature
 The amount of solar radiation reaching different
parts of the world is not the same
 It varies from location to location and season to
season its knowledge is important for designing
and estimating the output from solar energy
system.
REPRESENTATION OF THE MECHANISM OF
ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING
SOLAR SPECTRUM
 Solar spectrum consists of a broad range of
electromagnetic waves.
CONT…

 Sun Emits energy between 0.15 to 120

Micrometers
 99% of the solar energy is received in the
wavelength range between 0.15 to 4.0 mm

Name Range of Energy

wavelength (mm) carried(%)

UVR 0.15 to 0.38 7.6

VR 0.38 to 0.72 48.4

IR 0.72 to 4.0 43

Others > 4.0 1

RADIATION ON THE EARTH SURFACE
 Air mass is a representation of the amount of
atmosphere radiation that must pass through to
reach Earth’s surface.
Distance travelled by sun rays Solar radiation flux reaching
to reach earth’s surface or Air the surface (W/m2 )
Mass

AM0 1376

AM1 1105

AM1.5 (zenith angle of 48.2o ) 1000

AM 2 (zenith angle of 60o) 894

EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION
 The extraterrestrial radiation refers to the
amount of radiation falling on earth, outside its
atmosphere.
 The extraterrestrial solar radiation received by
the earth is essentially constant.
 The solar constant, a measure of flux, is the
amount of incoming solar electromagnetic
radiation per unit area that would be incident on
a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of
one astronomical unit (AU) (roughly the mean
distance from the Sun to the Earth).
 Solar constant is taken as 1367 W/m2 .
Extraterrestrial
radiation
SOLAR CONSTANT..
INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING SOLAR
RADIATION AND SUNSHINE

 Basically two types of instruments are used to

measure Solar Radiation.
 They are

1. Pyrheliometer

2. Pyranometer
 PYRHELIOMETER
 This instrument is used to measure beam
radiation falling on a surface normal to sun’s
rays.
 It is also referred to

Actinometer.
 PYRANOMETER
 This instrument is used to measure either global
or diffused radiation falling on a horizontal
surface over a hemispherical field.
 Basically , it consists of black surface which heats
up when exposed to solar radiation.
 It works on EMF generation model.
PYRANOMETER
CONT….
 The declination angle is the angle made by the
line joining the centres of the sun and the earth
with the projection of this line on the equatorial
plane.
 It arises by virtue of the fact that the earth
rotates about an axis which makes an angle of
approximately 66.5° with the plane of its rotation
around the sun.
 The declination angle varies from a maximum
value of +23.45° on June 21 to a minimum value
of -23.45 ° on December 21.

δ (in degress)= 23.45sin[(360/365)*(284+n)]

CONT…
 The hour angle ω is an angular major of time and
equivalent to 15° per hour.
 It also varies from -180° to +180° .

 We adopt the conversion of measuring it from

noon based on local apparent time (LAT),being
positive in forenoon and negative in the
afternoon.
DIRECTION OF BEAM RADIATION
 Latitude(φ)- The angular location north or south of the
equator;−90◦≤φ ≤90◦.
 Declination(δ )- The angular position of the sun at solar
noon with respect to the plane of the equator;−23.45◦ ≤ δ
≤23.45◦.
 Slope(β)- The angle between the plane of the surface and
the horizontal; 0◦≤ β ≤180◦.
 Surface azimuth angle(γ)- The deviation of the projection
on a horizontal plane of the normal to the surface from the
local meridian, with zero due south, east negative ;−180◦ ≤γ
≤180◦.
 Zenith angle (θz )-It is angle between the sun ray and
perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
CONT-----

 Hour angle(ω)- The angular displacement of the

sun east or west of the local meridian due to
rotation of the earth on its axis at 15◦ per hour;
morning negative.
 Angle of incidence(θ )- The angle between the
beam radiation on a surface and the normal to
that surface.
 Solar altitude angle(αs)- The angle between the
horizontal and the line to the sun, that is, the
complement of the zenith angle.
 Solar azimuth angle(γs)- The angular
displacement from south of the projection of
beam radiation on the horizontal plane.
CONT…
LOCAL APPAERNT TIME
 The time used for calculation the hour angle ω is
the local apparent time.
 This can be obtained from the standard time
observed on a clock by applying two corrections.
 The first correction arises due to difference
between the longitude of a location and the
meridian on which the standard time is based.
 The second correction called as the equation of
time correction is dueto the fact that earth orbit
and rate of rotation are subject to small
variations.
THANK YOU