INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING : Monsoon, 2019

Week 04
Month 08, 2019

DHARAVI – A SLUM IN MUMBAI

Student Names: Mahek Ruparelia (18BAR014)

Dhwani shah (18BPL004)
Nihar Doshi (18BPL005)

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
DEMOGRAPHICS

Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, considered to

be one of the worlds largest slums.

POPULATION : 7,00,000
AREA : 2.1 KM2
NO. OF DWELLING UNITS :1,40,000

Dharavi covering 6% of total area of Mumbai accommodates 60%

of the total population of Mumbai. Dharavi at present is highly multi
religious , multi ethnic and diverse settlement. The yearly turnover
has been estimated at over $1 billion (69666900000 Rs).

COMMUNITY
TYPES
1%
Muslim
30% Christian
63% Hindu
6% Buddhist

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
ECONOMY

• The district has an

Pottery estimated 5000
businesses and 15,000
single-room factories.
• Two major suburban
Leather railways feed into
Manufacturing Dharavi, making it an
important commuting
station for people in
the area going to
and from work.
Textile • Dharavi exports
goods around the
world. Often these
consist of various
Plastic leather products,
Recycling jewellery, various
accessories, and
textiles.
Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,
Ahmedabad
CONDITIONS OF DHARAVI

• There is 1 toilet per 1400 people available in

slum.

• Doctor available in the locality has to deal with

4000 cases a day of people suffering from
typhoid and malaria.

• No availability of open space and thus

children play around sewage waste.

• People live in very small dwellings often with

many members of their extended families.

• There are also toxic waste in the slum including

hugely dangerous heavy metals.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,

Ahmedabad
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

• Dharavi has several problems with public health .Also with the limited
lavatories they have , they are extremely filthy and broken down to
the point of being unsafe.

• The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in
water pollutant, septic condition and foul odors.

• Due to the air pollutant , diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis

and asthma are common among residents.

• Bacteria in the dump produce about 4251 m3/hr of biogas, mostly

methane in the atmosphere.

• This creates a fire hazard and the fires release smoke and other
harmful products into the air. This is due to burning of plastics and
non-plastics as well as other unsorted materials that could have
dangerous and products.

• Polluted water flows into the ocean and other surrounding bodies of
water, making some sources of fish and water unsafe for
consumption which is a huge problem environmentally and
economically.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
REDEVELOPMENT OF DHARAVI

By Maharashtra government :

• There have been many plans since 1997 to

redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of
Hong Kong such as Tai Hang.
BEFORE

• In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was

estimated to be Rs 5000 crore.

• Developers will provide the people living

there – who can prove residency since 2000
– a new, 300 sq. ft house for free.

• In return, authorities have allowed the

builders to go higher (increasing the floor
space index in Dharavi from 1.33 to 4),
AFTER
thereby concentrating residents into tower
blocks and freeing up space for luxury high
rises that will reap huge returns. The plan has
created a storm of controversy.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
REDEVELOPMENT OF DHARAVI

By Dharavi redevelopment Authority :

• UDRI launched an international competition, called Reinventing Dharavi,

to solicit the best ideas for this endlessly limbed issue. Twenty teams, with
more than 150 members from 21 different countries, submitted proposals.
The competition’s only requirement was that the teams were
interdisciplinary, in order to address the complex housing, work, financing,
health, sanitation, recreation and legal issues.

• Inspired by Gandhi’s notion of land as a community inheritance, the

winning group proposed that current landowners in Dharavi – the biggest
of which is the government – release all ownership rights to a Dharavi
Community Land Trust.
 The DRP area is divided into 5
• This trust would be a non-profit corporation, governed by former
sectors for the purpose of
landowners, community members and neighborhood associations. Its first manageability and equal
task would be to understand the needs of each of the existing 156 nagars attention to the various sub-
(neighborhoods), before developing accordingly. areas.
 Similarly development is
• The idea shows promise: one of the major hindrances to redevelopment proposed to be implemented by
has been the complexities of land ownership, from various government 5 teams responsible for one
sector each.
agencies to private owners. The trust would solve that problem in a stroke.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
REDEVELOPMENT OF DHARAVI

By Mukesh Mehta’s Plan :

• Mehta’s plan seeks to carve up the area into distinct zones—a

residential area with schools, hospitals and other amenities; and
four commercial zones including a gem and jewellery district
and a leather district.

• It will also provide for the 57,000 families that currently live in the
slum, according to the government. Each family will get 225 sq.
ft of space in multi-storeyed buildings that will be maintained by
the developer for a 15-year period.

• The developers must provide 30 million sq. ft of housing, schools,

parks and roads for these families. In return, they can build 40
million sq. ft of homes and offices for sale.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University, Ahmedabad
OPPOSITION OF REDEVELOPMENT

• The plan to redevelop the slum has been going on since 2004, but at that
time no single resident could understand what was happening. To give a
little more understanding, government put up 9 major maps at different
locations in 2013.
• Also a book was released by the government (MAHADA) which gave
information about the same but was not affordable for all as it costed Rs.
1000.
• According to the gov. people staying since the year 2000 would only get
a flat in the redevelopment scheme and no one else would be eligible
for the same.
• So there was a large distress created among all and also gov. were
facing troubles as there were more than one clam for single unit offered.
• Also there are many household industries present in the slums which may
of may not be illegal and also created pollution . And thus it was a threat
to those who manufactured in these cottage industries to get back into
Dharavi after redevelopment.
• There were organizations like ‘Dharavi Bachao Andolan’ who wanted to
stop this kind of redevelopment and also had political support from
various political parties and politicians.
• People were not against the redevelopment but they all wanted a 400
sq. Ft flat along with road side shop for themselves.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,

Ahmedabad
RIO DE JANEIRO
• By the 1970s 13% of the city population lived in slums, and the number kept rising until
reaching 22% of the population now (1.4 million people from a total of 6.3 million,
according to figures from the City Hall Housing Office).
• Favela, in Brazil, a slum or shantytown located within or on the outskirts of the
country's large cities, especially Rio de Janeiro. A favela typically comes into being
when squatters occupy vacant land at the edge of a city and construct shanties of
salvaged or stolen materials.
• Kinds of slums in Rio :
 FAVELA – A highly consolidated invasion of public or private environmentally safe
land by very poor people.
 ILLIGAL SUBDIVISIONS – Landowners illegally distribute land to very poor people for
housing. They lack infrastructure and are illegal.
 CORTICOS – Housing or flats divided and sub leased to many poor people. They often
share the same bathroom, electrical appliances etc. And were often overcrowded.
 INVASIONS – Using of very dangerous lands for building houses for very poor people.
These land are often environmentally fragile and lack infrastructure.
• Poor living conditions within favelas often breed crime. Drug trafficking is common
with most members being young male teenagers, who are four-fifths more likely to die
before age 21.
• Gangs not only initiate wars amongst each other in Brazilian slums, but against police.
There have been frequent shootouts between gangs and police, especially during
the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio when the state government was forced to employ
numerous police pacification units (UPPs).

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,

Ahmedabad
WAY IN WHICH PROBLEMS OVERCOMED

• ROCHINHA FAVELA SELF HELP :

The authorities supplied materials to residents to built their own
permanent accommodation. This created an urbanized
neighborhood with pakka houses and availability of electricity
and basic sanitation facilities.
• INTRODUCING METRO TO THE CITY :
Due to the building of metro, the government had to displace
people who stayed on the route. Thus people were relocated
in new apartments but few were removed from their houses
with short or no notice and thus left homeless.
• REGULATING URBAN LAND :
Government used zoning on urban lands made better
regulations and restrictions to development. The inspection
were conducted to ensure infrastructure safety and also put
hault over illegal settlements.
• ANTI – CORRUPTION :
Also strict actions started taking place against the corrupted
officials and also fired them if required. Thus there was a better
and fast development that started taking place in Rio.

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,

Ahmedabad
 THANK YOU

Second Year B. Arch. | Institute of Architecture and Planning | Nirma University,

Ahmedabad