Generally, two systems are there that can be used to transmit electrical energy:-

 HVDC : High Voltage Direct Current transmission system

 HVAC : High Voltage Alternating Current transmission system

 Definition : A relay is an electrically operated switch.

 Types of Relay :

 Differential Relay – It is a type of relay that operates when the vector difference of
two or more electrical quantities exceed a fixed value.
 Over-current Relay – It is the type of relay that functions when the current in the
circuit exceeds the fixed value.
 Directional Relay – This relay operates when there is an earth fault, i.e. if any one
of the phase touches the earth due to any fault.
 Tripping Relay – It is the type of relay that is used in combination with the main
relay.
 Auxiliary Relay – It is used to indicate the fault in the power system by glowing a
bulb to warn the employees of the fault.
 Definition : The word 'transformer' comes from the word 'transform'.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that changes AC
electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage
level through the action of magnetic field, without a change in frequency.

 Types of transformers used in the transmission line :

 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER : The transformer used to step down

the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from the transmission
voltage to the distribution voltage.

 POWER TRANSFORMER : Power transformers have a very important role

in the distribution of electricity till it reaches us. They are used to step up and
step down voltages greater than 33kV and upto 400kV.
 Definition : An electrical insulator is a material that doesnot easily conduct an
electric current.

 Types of Insulator :

 PORCELAIN INSULATOR : Overhead insulators, now-a-days, are mostly

made of porcelain. Porcelain insulator is basically aluminum silicate mixed
with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz hard and glazed.

 GLASS INSULATOR :It is one the most popular type of insulator used in
power system. It is made up of annealed tough glass.

 POLYMER INSULATOR : These types of insulators have two parts: a rod

shaped core made of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin and weather sheds
made with silicone rubber or EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer).
 LIGHTNING ARRESTER :-Lightning strikes and surges can become a major problem
in electrical power systems and to deal with that we use lightning arrestors. They protect the
conductors, insulators, transformers and other equipment that are attached to it.

 ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR :-An Electrical Isolator is a manually operated

mechanical on-off instrument that is used to isolate a part of electrical power
system generally at off load condition.

 BUS COUPLER :-Whenever we need to couple the main bus with any other bus
or two busses so that there is no interruption in the power supply, a bus coupler is
used. A bus coupler can be used without arcing.

 BUSBAR :-A busbar, in power transmission and distribution system, is an

important piece of metallic strip usually made of copper or aluminum. Its work is to
conduct electricity within a sub-station, battery bank, switchboards and many other
electrical instruments.
THANK YOU