General Chemistry 1

Prepared by:
Mr. Michael C. Burbano
Analyze this!
•“ The country which is in
advance of the rest of the
world in chemistry will also be
foremost in wealth and in
general prosperity”
•- William Ramsay
Think of this!
• At the end of the lesson, you should
be able to answer the following
questions
• 1. What is chemistry? Why is it
important?
• 2. What is matter?
• 3. What are the properties of matter?
• 4. How do you classify the different
types of matter?
Chemistry for All
• Chemistry accounts for the proliferation of many consumer
products that are found in the super markets, shopping malls,
car shops, gas stations and many other places. Among the
many products of chemical researches are:
• A. synthetic fibers with luster, good texture and strength for
clothing , carpets and upholstery;
• B. plastics are as strong as metals but are lightweight
• C. new ceramics that are electrically superconducting
• D. personal care products such as shampoo, bath soaps,
cleansers, laundry bars/powder and perfume
• E. polymers of various sizes, sophisticated toys, sports
equipment and electronic components
• F. drugs for various ailments
What is Chemistry?
• Chemistry deals with matter and the changes
that takes place in matter
• It pertains to the following:
• A. Properties of matter
• B. Composition and structure of matter
• C. Changes that matter undergoes
• D. Energy that accompanies these changes
• E. Laws and principles which govern such
changes
Chemistry
• It is the study of matter, its
composition, its structure, its
properties, the processes that
matter undergoes, and the energy
changes that accompany these
processes.
Branches of Chemistry
• 1. Organic Chemistry – the study of carbon-
based compounds; with few exemptions like
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
• 2. Inorganic Chemistry – the study of
compounds that do not contain carbon
• 3. Biochemistry – the study of the chemistry of
living systems
• 4. Analytical Chemistry – the study of the quality
and quantity of components of substances
• 5. Physical Chemistry – the study of the
mechanism, rates and energetics of chemical
reactions
What is matter?
• Matter is anything that occupies
space and has mass.
• It includes all that can and cannot
be seen like air. It can be touched
like water.
 States of Matter
• 1. Solid – has definite shape and volume.
The particles in a solid are tightly packed
together.
• 2. Liquid – has indefinite shape and but
definite volume. The particles in a liquid are
close with one another but not as close as
solid.
• 3. Gas- has indefinite shape and volume. It
can expand to fill any volume. The particles
in a gas are much farther apart.
• 4. Plasma – It is formed by heating and ionizing a
gas, made up of groups of negatively and
positively charged particles. They are often
observed in ionized gases, aurora borealis,
lightning and comet tails.

• 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate – produced when a

cloud of bosons( a type of an elementary particle
of matter) is cooled to temperatures very close
to absolute zero such that large fraction of
bosons condense.
•
Properties of Matter
• 1. Physical Properties – are characteristics by
which we described matter and which can be
determined without changing its identity
• Let us Study the properties of some materials below:
• A. Gold is solid, malleable and has a density of
19.3 g/mL
• B. Table salt is crystalline, white, salty and
soluble in water
• C. Alcohol is liquid and is miscible with water.
• D. Copper is ductile and is a good conductor of
heat
• Water boils at 100C and freezes at 0C at sea level
Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
• Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter
present
• A. Mass
• B. Volume
• C. Size
• D. Length
• E. Width
• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of
matter present
• A. Phase
• B. Odor
• C. Color
• D. Solubility
• E. Density
• 1. Mass means amount of matter. It is
expressed in grams or kilograms
• 2. Volume is the space occupied by matter.
It maybe expressed in millilitres or litres
• 3. Solubility is the ability to dissolve in a
liquid
• 4. Miscibility is the ability of a liquid to
dissolve in another liquid
• 5. Hardness is the property of a liquid to
resist compression or scratching
• 6. Malleability is the ability of the metal to
be flattened into sheets
• 7. Melting point is the temperature at which a
substance begins to change from solid to liquid
• 8. Boiling point is the temperature at which a
substance begins to bubble up and change from
liquid to gas
• 9. Conductivity is the ability of some materials to
conduct heat or electricity
• 10. Ductility is the ability of some materials to be
drawn into wires
• 11. Brittleness is the property of some materials
that makes them easily break or crumble to
pieces
Chemical Properties
• It refers to the ability of the substance to
undergo changes to transform into different
substance
• It describes how a substance react with another
substance.
• Examples of which are :
• 1. Flammability – the ability of a substance
to burn when in contact with flame.
• 2. Chemical reactivity – described in terms
of how substance reacts with another
substance.
• 3. Radioactivity – is the property exhibited by
certain types of matter of emitting energy
and subatomic particles spontaneously.
• 4. pH Level- is a scale used to specify how
acidic or basic a water-based solution is.
• 5. Corrosion – is a natural process which
converts a refined metal to more chemically-
stable form such as oxides, hydroxide or
sulfide.
• It is the gradual destruction of materials by
chemical or electrochemical reaction with
their environment.
Classification of Matter
• Substance is a homogeneous material consisting of one
particular kind of matter
Methods of Separating Mixtures
• 1. Filtration – is a process used used to separate an
insoluble solid ( precipitate) from a mixture. The
precipitates remain settled or remain suspended
throughout the mixture.
• 2. Distillation – is a process whereby a liquid is converted into
vapor by boiling and the vapor is condensed back to liquid by
cooling.

• A. Simple distillation is used if the impurities are not volatile

and the liquid compound does not decompose at its boiling
point.

• B. Fractional distillation- separate two or more immiscible

liquids with different boiling points.
• 3. Crystallization – is a method to separate a soluble solid from
its solution based from the different solubility of solids in
water at 25 degrees Celsius.
• Decantation – is a process of separating a solid from a liquid
by pouring off the liquid after allowing the solid to settle in
the liquid.

• Dissolution – is another method in which a mixture of a

soluble and insoluble solid substances can be separated by
using an appropriate solvent.
• Chromatography- is a versatile technique for separating
mixtures employed to separate the components of a mixture
based on their relative solubilities in two materials or phases
that are set up to move past each other in essentially opposite
directions.

• Sublimation is the process of changing solid to the gaseous

form without passing through the liquid state. Naphthalene
can be separated from table salt by sublimation.
Scientific Measurement
• Measurement
• We already know that observations are an
important part of the scientific method.
Hypothesis are accepted or rejected based on
how well they explain observations.
• Some observations, such as "the plant turned
brown" are qualitative; these observations have
no associated numbers. A quantitative
observation includes numbers, and is also
called a measurement. A measurement is
obtained by comparing an object to some
standard.
Measurement
• Is a process of comparing a known quantity like
measuring device to an unknown quantity,
things or objects to be measured.

• The scientific system of measurement is called

the metric system.
Length Conversion in Metric
1 meter 100 centimeters
1m 1000 mm
1m 1,000,000
1 kilometers 1,000 meters
Metric to English Equivalents
Metric English
2.54 cm 1 inch
1 meter 39.37 in
1 kilometer 0.62 miles
1 Liter 1.06 quartz
250 mL 1 cup
1 kilogram 2.2 pounds (lbs)
28.3 pounds 1 ounce
1 meter 3.28 feet
90 cm 1 yard
3.79 L 1 gallon
Temperature Conversion
• C = F-32 / 1.8

• F = 1.8 ( C ) + 32

• K = C + 273
 Accuracy vs. Precision
• Accuracy refers to the closeness of a
measured value to a standard or known value.
• Precision refers to the closeness of two or
more measurements to each other.

• A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to

imagine a basketball player shooting baskets. If the player
shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to
or into the basket. If the player shoots with precision, his aim
will always take the ball to the same location which may or
may not be close to the basket. A good player will be both
accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same way each
time and each time making it in the basket.
Significant Figures
These numbers must be expressed in numerical form
which is composed of digits that are known with
certainty plus one uncertain digit
Rules in Determining the Number of Significant Digits
1. All digits that are nonzero are significant, regardless
of the location of a decimal point
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant
3. Zeroes on the left are not significant but zeroes on
the right are significant
4. Trailing zeros are usually significant but can be
ambiguous

Examples
1.23 200.05 0.00456 200 20000
Scientific Notation
• It is compact, simplest and easiest way of
writing down very small and very large
numbers using powers of ten or in
exponential notation .

• The exponent is NEGATIVE if the decimal

point is moved from from left to right and
POSITIVE if it is moved from right to left.
Sample Exercise
•1) 4,000,000
•2) 523, 000,000
•3) 0. 000000045
•4) 0.0032
Measuring Density
• Density ( ρ ) is a physical property found by
dividing the mass of an object by its
volume. Regardless of the sample size,
density is always constant.

•Density=Mass/Volume
ρ=m/v
Sample Exercise
• A graduated cylinder contains three unknown
liquids : Liquid A (top layer) , Liquid B (middle)
Liquid C (bottom layer). Which of the following
can be the three unknown liquids ?
• A. Mercury with 13.6 g/ml
• B. vegetable oil with 0. 92 g/ml
• C. water with 1.00 g/ml
•A substance has a
density of 4.86 g/ml,
its volume is 18 ml.
What is the mass of
the substance?
Solve this!
• 1. What is the density of a piece of wood that
has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4
cm3?
• 2. A piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm by 6.0
cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0 grams. What is
the density of the wood? Would the piece of
wood float in water? (volume = L x W x H)
• 3. I threw a plastic ball in the pool for my dog to
fetch. The mass of the ball was 125 grams. What
must the volume be to have a density of 0.500
g/mL.
• 4. An ice cube measuring 5.80 cm
by 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm has a
density of 0.917 g/mL. What is
the mass?

• 5. The density of aluminum is

2.70 g/mL. If the mass of a piece
of aluminum is 244 grams, what
is the volume of the aluminum?