PREPARED BY: ALMEDA, ALF MARVIN C.

 Magma is molten rock, together with any suspended

mineral grains and dissolved gases, that forms when
temperatures rise and melting occurs in the mantle or
crust. When magma rises to Earth’s surface through
fissures and volcanic vents, it is called lava.
 Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly
from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through
the intermediate liquid phase.
Refers to a process of chemical change in the
composition of rocks adjacent to igneous intrusions, the
change being brought about by migration of elements
originating from the magma or the host.
Used especially of the formation of minerals by hot
solutions rising from a cooling magma.
Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension
to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and
come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion
through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them.
IT IS CAUSED BY BACTERIA.
 the circulation of seawater through rocks of the seafloor
and the formation of mineral deposits on and in rocks on
the seafloor are all processes that were realized during
the 19th Century. The possibility that the three processes
might be connected and that formation of many kinds of
mineral deposit might result, is a realization of the 20th
Century, with the principal ideas coming from Japan and
Norway.
A type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a
liquid as it changes into the gas phase. The surrounding
gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance.
Results in the accumulation of valuable minerals when
undesired constituents of rocks or mineral deposits are
removed during weathering. Mechanical concentration is
the natural gravity separation of heavy from light
minerals by means of moving water or wind.
 occurs at the base of the oxidized portion of an ore
deposit. Metals that have been leached from the
oxidized ore are carried downward by percolating
groundwater, and react with hypogene sulfides at the
supergene-hypogene boundary.
Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic
texture in pre-existing rocks, without the protolith
melting into liquid magma. The change occurs primarily
due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically
active fluids.
 Ore Deposit Types
 Economic mineral deposit types are known to occur in
all geological environments. Mineral deposits have
been historically classified in many different ways
according to a number of geological parameters, viz.,
geological setting, host rocks, conceptual model,
formation, etc.
Mineral and Rock Deposit
“Mineral deposits” are aggregate of mineral and/or group
of minerals in an unusually high concentration. The
mineral deposits must have three-dimensional
configuration that includes shape in plan and sectional
view, continuity in strike and depth to represent volume,
and size with average characteristics.
Mineral Deposit/Belt Model
Mineral deposit models are “an organized arrangement of
information describing the essential characteristics or
properties of a class of mineral deposits” (Stoeser and
Heran, 2000). The mineral deposit/belt model contains
systematically arranged information describing some or
all important characteristics, variations within a group,
and type of known deposits.
Hydrothermal volcanogenic deposits

 Hot water or hydrothermal solutions have actually been

observed forming mineral deposits, for example, the
"black smokers" on the sea floor. The ore constituents,
such as Cu, Pb, Au or other metals are dissolved in a
hot aqueous solution along with other deposit
constituents such as Si, S and Fe.
Magmatic deposits
They occur within theigneous rock from which they were
derived, such as a gabbro. The ore metals concentrated as
liquid in much the same manner as metals are purified in
a smelter or blast furnace. The heavier metal-rich liquids
sink and concentrate at the base of the intrusive body,
while lighter silicate liquid and crystals tend to rise, the
same asthe slag in a blast furnace.
Syngenetic deposits
A syngenetic mineral deposit is a deposit which formed
at the same time as the rocks that enclose it. Magmatic
deposits are syngenetic in that the ore minerals crystallize
from the same liquid that produces the silicate minerals
which form the bulk of the intrusive
Epigenetic deposits

If a mineral deposit formed much later than the rocks

which enclose it, it is said to be epigenetic. An example is
a vein. The first step in the formation of a vein is the
fracturing or breaking of rock along a fault zone, at a
depth ranging from surface to several kilometers below
surface.
 Porphyry deposits

Porphyry copper deposits are copper orebodies that are

formed from hydrothermal fluids that originate from a
voluminous magma chamber several kilometers below
the deposit itself.
Skarn Deposits

One of the more abundant ore types in the earth's crust

and form in rocks of almost all ages. Skarn is a relatively
simple rock type defined by a mineralogy usually
dominated by calcsilicate minerals such as garnet and
pyroxene.
Vein Deposits

Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an

aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited
through precipitation. The hydraulic flow involved is
usually due to hydrothermal circulation.
Placer deposits
a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable
minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific
source rock during sedimentary processes. The name is
from the Spanish word placer, meaning "alluvial sand".
A precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metallic
chemical element of high economic value. Chemically,
the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most
elements. They are usually ductile and have a high lustre.
 non-ferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does
not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Generally more
costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used
because of desirable properties such as low weight,
higher conductivity, non-magnetic property or resistance
to corrosion.
 refers to various alloys of iron with a high proportion of
one or more other elements such as manganese (Mn),
aluminium (Al), or silicon (Si). They are used in the
production of steels and alloys.
 Metals often classified as minor metals include: Antimony
(Sb), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Bismuth (Bi), Cadmium
(Cd), Cerium (Ce), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co),
Gadolinium (Gd), Gallium (Ga), Germanium (Ge),
Hafnium (Hf), Indium (In), Lithium (Li), Magnesium (Mg),
Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo),
Neodymium (Nd), Niobium (Nb), Iridium (Ir), Osmium
(Os), Praseodymium (Pr), Rhenium (Re), Rhodium (Rh),
Ruthenium (Ru), Samarium (Sm), Selenium (Se), Silicon
(Si), Tantalum (Ta), Tellurium (Te), Titanium (Ti), Tungsten
(W), Vanadium (V), Zirconium (Zr)
Energy is the quantitative property that must be
transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to
heat, the object. While is a hard rock which can be
burned as a solid fossil fuel. It is mostly carbon but also
contains hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen.
 Petroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence,
movement, accumulation, and exploration of
hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of
geological disciplines that are applied to the search for
hydrocarbons.
A ceramic is a solid material comprising an inorganic
compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms
primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. Common
examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
Building material is any material used for construction
purpose such as materials for house building. Wood,
cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the
most common type of building material used in
construction. The choice of these are based on their cost
effectiveness for building projects.
 A refractory material or refractory is a heat-resistant
material: that is, a mineral that is resistant to
decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack,
most commonly applied to a mineral that retains
strength and form at high temperatures.
Industrial materials are defined as those used in the
manufacture of “hard” goods, such as more or less
durable machines and equipment produced for industry
and consumers, as contrasted with disposable “soft”
goods, such as chemicals, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,
and apparel.
 Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A mineral
may be defined as any naturally occurring inorganic
solid that has a definite chemical composition (that can
vary only within specified limits) and possesses a
crystalline structure.
 An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used
to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which
leads to part of the workpiece being worn away by
friction. ... In short, the ceramics which are used to cut,
grind and polish other softer materials are known as
abrasives.