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FORM
F.Y.D.Pharm
Mr.Anuse V.V
(Pharmaceutics)
S.N.D DIPLOMA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, YEOLA
Definition
Semisolid Gaseous
Solid Liquid e.g. Aerosols,
Inhalation
External
Biphasic Internal eg.
e.g.ointment
Unit Bulk Mono e.g.Suspe Avleha
dosage dosag cream paste
nsion,
jellies External e.g.linimentl
e phasic emulson
otion gargales throat
Fine
e.g. Internal paints mouth wash
powders
Tablets. sprays ete lotion,eye
External Granules & drops,nasale drops
Capsule
pills e.g Dusting Effervascent
powder,insuffation granules Internal e.g.Syrup
s,dentrifrices,snuff elixier lincutus drops
,ear
Solid Dosage form
Merits Demerits
Ease of
Transportation
Tasteless &
Liquid Dosage form
Merits Demerits
Surgical
Medical dusting powders are used mainly for
superficial skin conditions.
Surgical dusting powders are used in body cavities and
also on major wounds as a result of burns and umbilical
cords of infants.
Surgicaldusting powders must be sterilised before their
use, whereas medical dusting powders must be free from
dangerous pathogenic microorganisms.
Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing two or
more ingredients .
one of which must be either starch, kaolin or talc as one
of the ingredients of the formulation.'
Ta l c and kaolin are more commonly used b ecause
these are chemically inert.
However, since such ingredients are realiy contaminated
with pathogenic bacteria they must be sterilised before
their use.
The dusting powders are mainly used for their antiseptic,
astringent, absorbent, antiperspirant and antipruritic
(anti-itching) action.
Insufflations
T he se are medicated dusting powders meant for
introduction into the body cavities such as nose,
throat, ears and vagina with the help of an
apparatus known as "Insufflator".
It sprays the powder into a stream of finely divided
particles all over the site of application.
The followingdifficulties are however generally faced
while using the insufflators:
1. It is difficult to obtain a measured quantity of the drug
as a uniform dose.
2.It gets blocked when it is slightly wet or the powder
The insufflations are used to produce a local effect, as n
i
the treat- infection of ear,nose and throat infection
w i t h antibiotics or to produce a systemic effect from
a drug that is destroyed in the gut.
Snuffs
These are finely divided solid dosage forms of
medicament which are inhaled into nostrils for
its antiseptic, bronchodilator and
decongestion action.
Dentifrices (Tooth powders)
Theseare applied with the help of a tooth brush for
cleaning the surface of the teeth.
They contain a suitable detergent or soap, some
abrasive substance and a suitable flavour.
Theabrasive agents such as calcium sulphate,
magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium
chloride are used in fine powder.
A strong abrasive substance should however not be
used as it may damage the tooth structure.
DENTIFRICE (NF XI)
Hard Soap, in fine powder 50 g
Precipitated calcium carbonate 935 g
Saccharin sodium 2g
Peppermint oil 4 ml
Cinnamon oil 2 ml
Methyl salicylate 8 ml
Triturate the saccharin sodium, the oils and methyl salicylate with
about one half of the precipitated calcium carbonate and mix the soap
with the remaining portion of the precipitated calcium carbonate. Mix
the two powders thoroughly and then pass it through a fine sieve.
Granules
Capsules
The capsules are solid unit dosage form in which the drug sub
is enclosed in a water soluble shell
Generally prepared from a suitable form of gelatin. Depending
on their formulation, the gelatin capsule shell may be hard or
soft.
Pills
Pills are small, rounded solid dosage forms containing medicament
a n d are intended to be administered orally.
The medicaments are mixed with excipients to form a firm plastic
mass. The mass is rolled to uniform pill pipe, which is cut into a
number of pills.
These are rounded to form pills of uniform size and shape. Pills are
spherical in shape and are produced by rolling them under wooden pill
rounder.
The pills are sometimes coated with varnish, silver leaf, gold leaf to
improve the finish, mask the unpleasant tastes and increase stability.
I n olden days pills were preferred because of their spherical shape
which can be easily swallowed.
But now the pills are outdated preparations because of a number
of disadvantages such as:
1. The disintegration time of pills is uncertain. The freshly
prepared pills disintegrate readily as compared to the old dried
pills.The dried pills are less soluble and sometimes pass through
G.I.T. without disintegration.
1. Liquids for internal use e.g. syrups, eiixirs, linctus, drops and
draughts.
Dissolve the potassium chlorate in warm water. Cool and add liquefied
phenol. Add the dye solution, filter and make up the volume.
Mouth Washes
These are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odour used to
make clean and deodorise the buccal cavity. Generally, they contain
antibacterial agents, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agents, flavouring
agents and colouring agents.
SODIUM CHLORIDE MOUTH-WASH, COMPOUND B.P.C.
Sodium chloride 15 g
Sodium bicarbonate 10 g
Peppermint water to produce 1000 ml '*3
ZINC SULPHATE AND ZINC CHLORIDE MOUTH-WASH B.P.C.
Zinc sulphate 20 g
Zinc chloride 10 g
Dilute hydrochloric acid 10 ml
Compound tartrazine solution 10 ml
Chloroform water to produce 1000 ml
Dissolve the zinc sulphate and zinc chloride in water. Add dilute
hydrochloric acid to make a clear solution. Add compound tartrazine
solution. Add chloroform water to make the required volume.
Throat Paints
T h ro a t paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and
throat infections.
Glygerin is commonly used as a base because, being viscous it adheres
to mucous membrane for a long period and it possesses a sweet taste.
Sprays
Sprays are preparations of drugs in media which may be aqueous,
alcoholic or glycerin. They are applied to the mucous membrane of
nose or throat with an atomiser.
The throat-sprays must be sprayed from a special type of atomiser
known as 'nebuliser', which removes large droplets by a baffling
system. Only fine droplets are required so that they may reach the
lungs.
ADRENALINE AND ATROP1NE SPRAY COMPOUND B.P.C.
Adrenaline acid tartrate 8g
Atropine methonitrate 1g
Papaverine hydrochloride 8g
Sodium metabisulphite 1g
Chlorobutol 5g
Propylene glycol 50ml
Purified water, freshly boiled and cooled to make 1000 ml
Inhalations
Ointments
Ointments are semi-solid preparations meant for application to the
skin or mucous membrane.
They usually contain a medicament or medicaments dissolved, suspended
or emulsified in the ointment base.
They may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative.
The ointments are mainly used as protective or emollient for the skin. The
medicated ointments are meant for action on epidermis or for action on
deeper layers of cutaneous tissues or to penetrate deep and release
medicaments to body fluids.
The ointments which are meant for application to the eye are called
'Ophthalmic Ointments'. These ointments are sterile and free from
irritation. In the preparation of these ointments, the yellow soft paraffin si
used instead of white soft paraffin;
the reason for this being that white soft paraffin may contain small traces
of the bleaching agent which are generally left ove r after bleac hing the
yellow soft paraffin. Hence, the white soft paraffin may cause irritation to
the eye.
While selecting-a suitable ointment base, the factors such as the
action desired, nature of the medicament to be incorporated and the
stability of an ointment are to be considered. An Ideal ointment base
should possess the following properties:
(1) It should be inert, odourless and smooth.
(2) It should be physically and chemically stable.
(3) It should be compatible with the skin and with the incorporated
medicaments.
(4) It should be of such a consistency that it spreads and softens
when applied to the skin with stress.
(5) It should not retard healing of the wound,
(6) It should not produce irritation or s ensitization of the skin.
There is no single ointment base which possesses all the qualities of an
ideal ointment base. So it becomes necessary to use more t han one nt
base in the preparation of ointments. The ointment bases are into:
1. Oleaginous bases
2. Absorption bases
3. Emulsion bases
4. Water soluble bases.
Oleaginous bases
These bases consist of water soluble hydrocarbons, vegetable oils,
animal fats and waxes. The constituents of hydrocarbon bases are soft
paraffin, hard paraffin and liquid paraffin. The animal fat includes lard.
The vegetable oils are used chiefly in ointments to lower the melting
point or to soften bases of higher consistency.
These bases serve to keep the medicaments in prolonged contact with
the skin and also act as occlusive dressings. They have a low capacity to
absorb water and are used chiefly for their emollient effects.
These bases serve to keep the medicaments in prolonged contact with
the skin and also act as occlusive dressings. They have a low capacity
to absorb water and are used chiefly for their emollient effects.
bases are losing their importance now a days for the following
1. They are greasy.
2. They are sticky and are difficult to remove both from skin and clothing.
3. They retain body heat which may produce an uncomfortable feeling of
warmth.
4. They do not help in the absorption of medicaments.
Absorption Bases
These bases are generally anhydrous substances which have the
property of absorbing (emulsifying) considerable quantities of water but still
retaining their, ointment-like consistency. The absorption bases are of two
types:
(i) Non-emulsified bases
(ii) Water in oil emulsions
The non-emulsified bases absorb water and aqueous solutions producing
w/o emulsions e.g. wool fat (anhydrous lanolin), wool alc oho l,bees wax and
cholesterol. The water in oil emulsions are capable of absorbing more water
and have the properties of non-emulsified bases eg. hydrous wool fat
(lanolin).bases are used as vehicles for aqueous liquids or as solutions
Of medicaments
Emulsion Bases
These bases are semisolid or have a cream-like consistency. Both
o/w and w/o emulsions are used as ointment base. The oil in water type
of emulsion bases are more popular because these can be easily removed
from the skin or clothes by washing with water. The vv/o type of bases
are greasy and sticky e.g. compound benzoic acid ointment (Whitfield’s
ointment) and zinc undecenoate ointment are prepared by using the
emulsifying ointment. The emulsifying ointment is prepared from emulsifying
wax, white soft paraffin and liquid paraffin.
Water-Soluble Bases
These are commonly known as "greaseless ointment bases". The water- soluble
bases consist of water soluble ingredients, such as,polyethylene glycol
polymers which are popularly known as carbowaxes.The carbowaxes are water
soluble, non-volatile and inert substances.These are available in varying
consistencies depending upon their molecular weights. The poly- ethylene
glycols 400, 1500, 4000 and 6000 are most commonly used in pharmacy. By
The following are examples of some of the important and com monly
used ointments which are official:
EMULSIFYING OINTMENT I.P.
Emulsifying wax 300 g . ' arfi i f -
White soft paraffin 500 g
Liquid paraffin 200 g
Melt the emulsifying wax and white soft paraffin. Add the liquid
paraffin. Stir until it attains room temperature.
COMPOUND BENZOIC ACID OINTMENT B.P.C.
(WHITFIELD'S OINTMENT)
Benzoic acid, in fine powder 60 g
Salicylic acid, in fine powder 30 g
Emulsifying ointment 910 g
Triturate the benzoic acid and the salicylic acid with a portion of the
emulsifying ointment until smooth ointment is made. Gradually incorporate
the remainder of the ointment.
Creams
These are viscous semi-solid emulsions which are meant for
external use. The creams are of two types, aqueous and oily creams
I n case of aqueous creams, the emulsions are oil-in-water type and
in case of oily emulsions are water in oil type.
The oil-in-water type cream is relatively non-greasy.
I n aqueous creams, tlje emulsifying anionic,cationic and non-ionic
waxes, polysorbates and triethanolamine soaps are used as
emulsifying agents.
The oily creams are generally preparedwith emulsifying agents,
such as, wool fat, wool alcohols, beeswax and calcium soaps.
A suitable preservative is generally added in aqueous
creams which have the tendency to bacterial and fungal
growth.
Creams should be stored and supplied in well-closed containers
The following are some of the formulae of creams.
HYDROCORTISONE CREAM B.P.C.
Hydrocortisone, in ultra-fine powder 10 g
Cetomacrogol emulsifying ointment 300 g
Chlorocresol 1g
Purifi ed water, freshly boiled and cooled 689 g
Dissolve the chlorocresol in water with the aid of
gentle heat. Melt the cetomacrogol emulsifying
ointment on a water bath. Add the
chlorocresol solution at the same temperature, stir
until cold. Mix hydrocortisone with it.
Pastes
r.
LIPOSOME DRUG CARRIERS
There are several carriers in our body which transport bio-chemicals
from one part of the body to an other e.g. proteins, enzymes etc.
Liposomes are phospholipids which can transport both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic drugs. Large -multilamellar vesicles (LMV), small
unilamellar vesicles (SUV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) are
some of the liposomes which are known today. By modifying the
method of preparation, it is possible to prepare different liposomes. The
small drug molecules get trapped in liposomes, whereas large drug
molecules can also make hydrophobic or electrostatic bonding with it.
Liposomes are sometimes mixed with cholesterol or ergosterol to
change the permeability of liposomes to solute m olecules.
Applications Liposomal drugs have wide therapeutic
applications,
some of which are as follows:
1. Used in diseases caused by intracellular parasites e.g.
malaria,
tuberculosis and amoebiasis.
2. Liposome entrapped insulin is active orally and can be
replaced
by intramuscu. lar administration of insulin.
3. Liposomes can be used to transport functional DNA/RNA
molecules into cells.
4. Liposomes can be used to transport radio-
pharmaceuticals and
immunological products. I
5. Liposomal daunomycin has longer duration of action than
free
daunomycin which is used in the treatment of neoplasia. I
6. Liposome entrapped actinomycin-D and nitrogen
mustard are
CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY MODULES (CDDM)
Controlled drug delivery modules are devices which are formed by
embedding the drug within a polymeric matrix so that it gets released
slowly to the body over a very long period of time. The polymeric
matrices used to hold the drug reversibly are polyethylenes, silicone
elastomers and cellulose esters. The drug-polymer complex may be
formulated into tablet, capsule or any other suitable formulation. These
controlled drug delivery modules are punctured before administration
with laser beam to make a small orifice of a few microns in diameter for
the release of the drug. The drug is released from these modules by
diffusion, osmosis or chemical reaction.
Controlled drug delivery modules can be applied to the skin, implanted
subcutaneously or inserted into various body cavities. The CDDM has
an advantage because there is an unattended drug delivery without any
patient intervention.
ERYTHROCYTES