Comprehensive Seminer: Arup Kumar Goswami

COMPREHENSIVE SEMINER
Presented by
Chinmaya Behera
15-3-03-128
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Arup Kumar Goswami
N.I.T SILCHAR
1 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Doctoral Committee (DC)
Dr. Nalin Behari Dev Choudhury, Chairman,DC

Dr. Arup Kumar Goswami, Supervisor
Dr. Prashant Kumar Tiwari, Member, DC
Dr. Sukumar Pati, Member, DC

Overview
Introduction
Course work undertaken
Usefulness of Course work
Conclusion
Self Studies
References

Course work undertaken
Sl. No. Subject Credit Code Grade
1 Research Methodology(RM) 6 IC-001 BB
2 Power System Dynamics 6 EE-501 AB

(PSD)
3 Induction Generators and 6 EE-505 AB
Wind Energy(IGWE)
4 Power System Interconnection 6 EE-511 BB
And Control(PSIC)
Total CPI 8.5

4
Research Methodology
Concerned Faculties
Dr. T. R Lenka
Dr. P. K. Patowari
Dr. B. K. Roy
Dr. N. Sinha
Dr. S. Baishya
Dr. A. K. Dey

What is
research?
Thesis How to do
writing research?
How to write Why

technical research
report? ?
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Various
Methodology
Stages
Research Types of
Skills research
Good
research

Research
 Search for knowledge
 A discovery of hidden truth
 Logical and systematic investigation for finding

solutions to a problem in the particular area of
research[1]
 Leads towards new contribution to the existing

knowledge
7/53 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

How to do research?
Extensive
literature Preparation of Conclusions and
review the Report and Future
result Perspective
Identification of Collecting and

problem analysis of
data
Formulation the Developing the

research objectives

Why Research?
 Research promotes the habits of logical thinking
 It enhance the career opportunities and earning
 Service to society
 Intellectual satisfaction of doing creative work
 Face the challenge of solving unsolved problem.

Various stages of Research
Selection of
Research Research Actual
topic Design Investigation
Definition of Data
Formulation
a research analysis
of
problem
hypotheses
Assessment
Literature of current Interpretation
survey status of the Report
of result
topic chosen

Types of
Research
Fundamental (basic)
research and applied Normal and Quantitative and
research revolutionary research qualitative research

Good Research
Quality of research publications
No. of citations of the publications
Project completed
Book published
Contribution made to the science and society

Research Skills
Thinking • Comprehension
• Creative thinking
Problem-Finding • Literature Search
Technical • Oral
Communication • Written
Time & Stress • GTD, Pareto Analysis, Eisenhour Method

Management • Positive Attitude, Meditation, Accepting failure
• Hypothesis
Experimentation
• Workout

Methodology
 Methodology does not set out to provide solutions; it is therefore not

same as the method
 It offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method,

set of methods or so called “best practices” can be applied to a specific
case[1]
Comprehensive Seminar 14
21 August 2019
Writing Technical Papers
Title
Author(s), Affiliation, Contact Info
Abstract
Keywords
Methodology
Results & Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Brief Biography of Authors (optional)
Appendices

Thesis Writing
Title
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures & Tables
Abbreviations List
Introduction
Background theory
Design/theoretical analysis
Procedure
Results and discussion
Conclusions
References
Appendices
Power System Dynamics
Concerned Faculty : Dr. Arup Kumar Goswami
Course content
.
Introduction Synchronous
to power machine Power Excitation
system theory and system load system
stability modeling

INTRODUCTION TO THE POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Basic definition and concept

• It is defined as a property of a power system that enables it to remain in a
state of operating equilibrium under normal condition and regain to
acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to disturbances.
Rotor angle stability

• It is the ability of a interconnected synchronous machines of a power system
to remain in synchronism.

Power versus angle relationship
•The power system stability is the relationship between the interchange power and angular
position of the rotor of synchronous machine
•This relationship is highly nonlinear.
The power transferred from generator to the motor
EG  EM
P sin 
XT
XT  X L  X M  X G
Fig.1-power Angle Curve.

Power system Stability
Angle Stability Voltage Stability

Frequency
Stability
Small Large
Transient Mid term Long Term
Disturbance Disturbance
Stability Small Signal stability Stability
Voltage Stability Voltage Stability
Stability
Fig.2- Classification of power system stability

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE THEORY AND
MODELLING
Fig.3-Schematic diagram of three phase synchronous machine

Rotating magnetic field
MMFtotal  MMFa  MMFb  MMFc

2 2 2 2
 KI m {cos( s t ) cos   cos( s t  ) cos(  )  cos( s t  ) cos(  )}
3 3 3 3
3
 KI m cos(   s t )
2
Fig.4- Stator and Rotor MMF wave shape

MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION FOR THE MODELLING OF
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Fig.4-Stator and rotor circuit of a synchronous machine

Basic equations of induction motor in synchronously rotating frame
Stator Circuit Equations
d a
ea   Ra ia  P a  Ra ia
dt
eb  P b  Ra ib
ec  P c  Ra ic
Flux linkage in the phase “a” winding
 a  l aa ia  l ab ib  l ac ic  l afd i fd  l akd ikd  l akq ikq
Similar expressions apply to flux linkages of windings “b” & “c”.

Stator self-inductances
MMFad  N a ia cos 
MMAaq  N a ia cos(  90 0 )   N a ia sin 
 gad  ( N a ia cos  ) Pd
 gaq  ( N a ia sin  ) Pq
Fig.5-Phase “a” MMF wave and its components

Total air-gap flux linking phase “a”
 gaa   gad cos    gaq sin 
 N a i a ( Pd cos 2   Pq sin 2

Pd  Pq Pd  Pq
 N a ia (  cos 2 )
2 2
Total self-inductance= Air gap flux +Leakage Inductance
l aa  l al  l gaa
 l al  l g 0  l aa 2 cos 2
 l aa0  l aa 2 cos 2
Similarly for phase “b” and “c” self-inductance are same but they were displaced from
it by 120 and 240 phase difference.

STATOR MUTUAL INDUCTANCES
2 2
 gba   gad cos(  )   gaq sin(   )
3 3
2 2
 N a ia {Pd cos  cos(  )  Pq sin  sin(   )}
3 3
Pd  Pq Pd  Pq 2
 N a ia {  cos( 2  )}
a 2 3
The mutual inductance between phase “a” and “b” due to air gap flux is given by
N a gba
l gba 
ia
1 2
 Lg 0  Lab 2 cos( 2  )
2 3
The stator mutual inductances between phase “a” and “b”
2
l ab  l ba   Lab 2  Lab 2 cos( 2  )
3
2
  Lab0  Lab 2 cos( 2  )
3
Similarly for the mutual inductance between phase “a” and “b”
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE BETWEEN STATOR AND ROTOR WINDINGS
 
 a  ia {Laa0  Laa2 cos 2 }  ib {Lab0  Laa2 cos( 2  )}  ic {Lab0  Laa2 cos( 2  )}  i fd Lafd cos   ikd Lakd cos   iakq Lakq sin 
3 3
 2 2 2 2
 b  ia {Lab0  Laa2 cos(2  )}  ib {Laa0  Laa2 cos(2  )}  ic {Lab0  Laa2 cos(2   )}  i fd Lafd cos(  )  ikd Lakd cos(  )  ikq Lakq sin(   )
3 3 3 3 3
 2 2 2 2
 c  ia {Lab0  Laa2 cos(2  )}  ib {Laa0  Laa2 cos(2   )}  ic {Laa0  Laa2 cos(2  )}  i fd Lafd cos(  )  ikd Lakd cos(  )  ikq Lakq sin(   )
3 3 3 3 3

ROTOR CIRCUIT EQUATIONS
e fd  P fd  R fd i fd
0  P kd  Rkd ikd
0  P kq  Rkq ikq
ROTOR CIRCUIT FLUX LINKAGES
2 2
 fd  L ffd i fd  L fkd ikd  Lafd {ia cos   ib cos(  )  ic cos(  )}
3 3
2 2
 kd  L fkd i fd  Lkkd ikd  Lakd {ia cos   ib cos(  )  ic cos(  )}
3 3
2 2
 kq  Lkkq ikd  Lakd {ia sin   ib sin(   )  ic sin(   )}
3 3

Power System Loads
MODELLING OF INDUCTION MOTOR
•The rotor has the symmetrical structure. This makes the d and q-axis equivalent circuit
identical.
•The rotor speed is not fixed, but varies with load. This has an impact on the selection
of the d-q reference frame.
•There is no excitation source applied to the rotor windings. The dynamic of the rotor
circuits are determined by slip, rather than by excitation control.
•The currents induced in the shorted rotor windings produce a field with the same
number of poles as that produced by stator winding. Rotor windings may therefore be
modelled by an equivalent three-phase winding.

BASIC EQUATIONS OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE
ROTOR VOLTAGE EQUATIONS STATOR VOLTAGE EQUATIONS
v A  P A  Rr i A v a  P a  Rs ia
v B  P B  Rr i B vb  P b  Rs ib
vC  P C  Rr iC vc  P c  Rs ic
(Fig: Stator and Rotor circuits of an Induction machine)

Flux Linkage In The Stator Phase “A” Winding At Any Instant Is Given By
 a  Laa ia  Lab (ib  ic )  LaA{i A cos   i B cos(  120)  iC cos(  120 0 )
Similar expression apply to flux linkage of winding “b” and “c”
Flux Linkage In The Rotor Phase “A” Winding
 A  L AAi A  L AB (i B  iC )  LaA{ia cos   ib cos(  120)  ic cos(  120 0 )
Similar expression apply to flux linkage of winding “B” and “C”.

d-q TRANSFORMATION
Stator Phase Current Into “d” And “q” Variables
2
ids  {ia cos  s t  ib cos( s t  120 0 )  ic cos( s t  120 0 )}
3
2
iqs   {ia sin  s t  ib sin(  s t  120 0 )  ic sin(  s t  120 0 )}
3
Inverse Transformation Is Given By
ia  ids cos  s t  iqs sin  s t

ib  ids cos( s t  120 0 )  iqs sin(  s t  120 0 )
ic  ids cos( s t  120 0 )  iqs sin(  s t  120 0 )

Rotor current into “d” and “q” components
2
idr  {i A cos  r  i B cos( r  120 0 )  iC cos( r  120 0 )}
3
2
iqr   {i A sin  r  i B sin(  r  120 0 )  iC sin(  r  120 0 )}
3
Inverse transformation given by
i A  idr cos  r  iqr sin  r

i B  idr cos( r  120 0 )  iqr sin(  r  120 0 )
iC  idr cos( r  120 0 )  iqr sin(  r  120 0 )
Similar transformation apply to rotor flux linkages and voltages.

Stator and Rotor flux linkages in d-q reference frame
 ds  Lss ids  Lm idr  dr  Lrr idr  Lm ids

 qs  Lss iqs  Lm iqr  qr  Lrr iqr  Lm iqs
Stator voltage equation in d-q frame Rotor voltage equation in d-q frame
vds  Rs ids   s qs  P ds vdr  Rr idr  ( P r ) qr  P dr

vqs  Rs iqs   s ds  P qs vqr  Rr iqr  ( P r ) dr  P qr
P r  s s Slip angular velocity

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

LOAD MODELLING FOR STABILITY STUDIES
Static Load Model
• Load at any time as a function of voltage magnitude and frequency.
•The equation are expressed in algebraic equation.
•We consider real power and reactive power separately.
Voltage Dependent Load
“a” and “b” are the indices.
If a=b=0 it means P=P0 and Q=Q0 load is independent of voltage.

If a=b=1 it means P or Q is directly proportional to the V and load draws constant
current.
If a=b=2 it means p is directly proportional v2 and it's a constant impedance load.
Composite Load Can Be Represent As 3 Component ZIP
Z= constant impedance
I= constant current.
P= constant Power.
Frequency Dependent Load
Kpf and Kqf are the characteristics of the system.

Kpf = Always positive and lies between 0-3.
Kqf = Always negative and lies between -2-0

Dynamic Load Models
•Studies of inter area oscillations, Voltage stability and long term stability require load
dynamics to be modelled.
•Discharge lamps.
•Thermostatically control loads.
•Discharge light loads.
•Induction motor.
•Operation of thermal and over current relays.
(fig- Discharge lighting characteristics)

Induction Generators and Wind Energy
Concerned Faculty : Dr. Dulal Chandra Das
Course content:
 General characteristics of modern power system.
 Introduction to power system stability problem.
 Synchronous machine theory and modeling.
 Power system load.
 excitation system.

Power System Interconnection And
Control
Concerned Faculty : Prof. N. Sinha
Course content
 Introduction
 Power control
 Automatic generation control
 Power system stability
 Deregulation
 Decentralized AGC
 SCADA

Interconnection: Electric utilities across regions are many times interconnected
for improved economy and reliability. Interconnections allow for economies of scale,
allowing energy to be purchased from large, efficient sources.
 Advantages
• Increase in service reliability

• Installed capacity savings
• Decrease in spinning reserve requirement
• Operating savings

Power system interconnection is of two types
 Integrated
 Unintegrated
Power control
There are two methods of real and reactive power control in power
system
 Load frequency control or real power control

This is also known as P-f control. The aim of this control is to maintain
real power balance in the system through control of system frequency
 Reactive power control

This is also called Q-V control. The aim of this control is to maintain
the system voltage within limits by adjusting the excitation of
machines.

Automatic generation control
• Regulation of power output of electric generators within a prescribed area in

response to changes in system frequency, tie-line loading or the relation of
these to each other so as to maintain system frequency and or established
interchange with other areas within prescribed limits
• If there is a mismatch between demand and supply, the system experiences

deviation in frequency, i.e., the frequency may drop or the frequency may
rise
• If there is a drop in frequency then the generation needs to be increased
• If there is an increase in frequency the generation needs to be decreased
• The main function of AGC is to maintain the system frequency at nominal

value and tie-line power flow in the control areas at their scheduled values.

Power system stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a

given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium
after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most of the system
variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact.
Power system stability is of three types as shown below:
 Steady state stability
The steady state stability of a power system is defined as the ability of

the system to bring itself back to its stable configuration following a
small disturbance in the network. It can only be considered only during a
very gradual and infinitesimally small power change.

Transient stability
Transient stability of a power system refers to the ability of the system

to reach a stable condition following a large disturbance in the
network condition. In all cases related to large changes in the system
like sudden application or removal of load, switching operations, line
faults or loss due to excitation the transient stability of the system
comes into play.
Dynamic stability
The ability of a power system to maintain stability under continuous

small disturbances is investigated under the name of Dynamic
Stability. These small disturbances occur due random fluctuations in
loads and generation levels.

Deregulation
 The basic premise of the regulatory policies is to create a competitive

environment where generation and transmission services are bought and
sold under demand and supply market conditions. The open market
system will consist of generation companies (gencos), distribution
companies (discos), transmission companies (transcos) and an
independent contract administrator (ICA)
 ICA is responsible for coordinating among players to provide a reliable

power system operation
 The ICA performs the contract evaluation to verify that the system can
remain in operation with all contracts in place.

The market consists of three types of transactions as described
below
 Type 1 (Bilateral transaction)

Gencos and discos negotiate bilateral contracts among each other and submit their
contractual agreements to the ICA. The players are responsible for having a
communication path to exchange contract data as well as measurements to do load
following in real-time
 Type 2 (Poolco based transaction)

Players generate bids (buy and sell) and submit quotations to the ICA. A bid is a
specified amount of load following at a given price. The ICA binds bids (matching
buyers and sellers) subject to approval of the contract evaluation.
 Type 3 (Area regulation contract)

The ICA obtains contracts with gencos to provide area regulation. This is needed
because of unscheduled generation and load changes and inconsistent frequency
bias existing in the system. A load change produces a frequency change. All
governors respond to this frequency change in the system instantaneously, whether
or notComprehensive
they areSeminar
selected for AGC. We define this governor response as area
49 21 August 2019
regulation.
DECENTRALISED AGC
 Decentralization is achieved by developing a model for the interface variable which

consists of frequency of other subsystems
 To account for modelling uncertainties a local kalman filter is designed to estimate

each subsystems own and interface variables
 The controller uses these estimates and optimizes a given performance index and
allocate generating units outputs
 We go for decentralized AGC as it deals with only one system, so, it becomes
simple
 It is easy to design a controller for the single area system

SCADA
Power system operating centers have used computers for dispatch functions for
several years. More recently digital computers have been installed for data
acquisition, supervisory control and dispatch functions. These computers can also
serve protection and associated control functions if the computer equipment is
properly planned.
The main functions of SCADA are
• Data acquisition
o Read the power system measurement data from 100-250 RTUs into the control
center computer
o Detect and handle data error conditions due to RTU and communication system
• Data-base
o It is the repository for all power system dynamic data used by more than one
application/user program, manually entered constants and variables from the
operator

• Man-machine interface
o The man-machine function is required to provide certain facilities like CRT displays,
data entry, wall diagram, strip chart recorders and other analog and digital displays,
alarm generation, data logging
• Operating system
o The operating system is required to provide a real-time priority oriented processing
environment for the computer complex
• Performance monitoring
o Error detection, failover, recovery and automatic restart
o It is required to enhance the operational availability of the SCADA or control center
system

Acknowledgement
 Dr. Arup Kumar Goswami
 Faculties of Electrical Engineering Department
 My friends

Thank you

Comprehensive Seminer: Arup Kumar Goswami

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COMPREHENSIVE SEMINER

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

1 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Dr. Nalin Behari Dev Choudhury, Chairman,DC

2 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Course work undertaken

Usefulness of Course work

3 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

1 Research Methodology(RM) 6 IC-001 BB

2 Power System Dynamics 6 EE-501 AB

Total CPI 8.5

4 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

5 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

How to write Why

6 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

 Search for knowledge

 A discovery of hidden truth

 Logical and systematic investigation for finding

 Leads towards new contribution to the existing

7/53 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Identification of Collecting and

Formulation the Developing the

8 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

 Research promotes the habits of logical thinking

 It enhance the career opportunities and earning

 Intellectual satisfaction of doing creative work

 Face the challenge of solving unsolved problem.

9 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

10 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

11 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

No. of citations of the publications

Contribution made to the science and society

Problem-Finding • Literature Search

Time & Stress • GTD, Pareto Analysis, Eisenhour Method

13/53 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

 Methodology does not set out to provide solutions; it is therefore not

 It offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method,

15/53 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

17 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Basic definition and concept

Rotor angle stability

18 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

The power transferred from generator to the motor

19 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Angle Stability Voltage Stability

Fig.2- Classification of power system stability

20 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Fig.3-Schematic diagram of three phase synchronous machine

21 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

MMFtotal  MMFa  MMFb  MMFc

Fig.4- Stator and Rotor MMF wave shape

22 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Fig.4-Stator and rotor circuit of a synchronous machine

23 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Flux linkage in the phase “a” winding

 a  l aa ia  l ab ib  l ac ic  l afd i fd  l akd ikd  l akq ikq

Similar expressions apply to flux linkages of windings “b” & “c”.

24 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

Fig.5-Phase “a” MMF wave and its components

25 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019

 gaa   gad cos    gaq sin 

Total self-inductance= Air gap flux +Leakage Inductance

26 Comprehensive Seminar 21 August 2019