scaling relations of seismic

wave energy in terms of

magnitude, distance and site
conditions
 INTRODUCTION

 The seismic waves generated from earthquake are body waves ( P&S)
and surface waves (love and Rayleigh).

 The energy carried by these waves is seismic wave energy.

 Maximum damage causing waves is S wave i.e. shear wave because

they have greater amplitude and produce vertical and horizontal
motion of the ground surface.
 The classical method of response spectrum superposition is a
practical tool for design of structures expected to vibrate
without any damage during the largest possible levels of
shaking.

 Response spectrum considers the SDOF.

 PGA, PGV, PGD are used to explain the response of structure.

 Earthquake energy is better alternative to this as it can be

calculated at the particular considered site.
 OBJECTIVE
 To calculate the attenuation of energy from source to
the site and the energy reaching at the considered site.

 To derive empirical relations of seismic energy with

magnitude, hypocentral distance and site condition.
 Wave energy at site

 The energy generated at source is much larger.

 But as it travels to different locations in all direction it gets attenuated.

 The damage potential of waves at a location depends on the energy

reaching at site.
 wave attenuation

 Due to conversion of part of elastic energy of wave to heat energy due

to friction while propagation

 Geometrical spreading - As the wave front moves out from the source,
the initial energy released in the earthquake is spread over an ever-
increasing area and thus the intensity of the wave decreases with
distance.

 Body waves and surface waves attenuate proportional to 1/r and

1/ 𝑟 respectively.
 Energy balance equation

Energy balance equation for a SDOF system can be given as:

Ekr + Ed + Ea = Eir

𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
න 𝑚 ü ů 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑐 ů2 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓 ů 𝑑𝑡 = − න 𝑚 ügů 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 0

 Input energy can be calculated based on relative motion as

internal forces within structure are computed using relative
displacement
 SEISMIC WAVE ENERGY
 Energy density contained in seismic wave energy is expressed as sum
of kinetic and potential wave energy.
E = Ekin + Epot
 The ground motion particle displacement is

U(x,t) = A cos(ωt-kx);
1
so kinetic energy, Ekin = * ρA2 ω2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt − kx
2

1 𝜕𝑈 2
strain energy, Es = ∗ G ( )
2 𝜕𝑥
 1
Potential Energy = * ρ A2 ω2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt − kx ;
2

Total energy (ET)=Kinetic Energy (Ekin)+Potential Energy (Epot)

ET = ρ A2 ω2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt − kx ;
= ρ V 2 (x,t) ( per unit area)
Energy passing per unit area of wave front = ρβV 2
Where β is the wave velocity
𝑇
Total energy (Es) = 𝜌𝛽 ‫׬‬0 𝑣 2 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 DATA BASE

 The data is taken from pesmos iit Roorkee.

 Total 237 earthquakes data are taken and all the 3

components are considered.

 Hypocentral distance is limited to 350 kms.

CORRECTION OF DATA BASE

 Base line correction is applied to data by averaging out

the data so that all the data oscillates around the y=0
axis.

 Base line correction is done because small drift in

acceleration from Zero axis causes a large drift of
velocity and displacement graph after integration.
STEPS OF BASELINE CORRECTION
 Take the acceleration time series a(t). Distortion in
baseline has a form of quadratic function.
 Integration of acceleration time series to velocity.
 Fitting the quadratic function to the velocity.
V(t) = a+bt+ct2
 Then compute the derivative of fitting function v(t)
𝑑𝑉(𝑡)
a`(t) =
𝑑(𝑡)
Contd.
 Remove the derivative of the quadratic from the
original acceleration time history
acorrected = a(t) – a`(t)

 Apply a causal, low-cut ormbsy filter with a

subjectively chosen corner frequency

 Integrate to velocity and displacement.

 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
 Random effect regression model is used as the
heterogeneity in the site is considered.

 It considers the inter event and intra event variability.

 Regression model used is as :

log10(E)= C1+ C2*M- C3*log10(distance)+ C4* S
 RESULTS
 After regression the values of these constants C1, C2,
C3, C4 are calculated within the standard limits.

 C1 = -3.622543 (0.4287088)

 C2 = 1.039407 (0.1042634)

 C3 = 1.363929 (0.1270322)

 C4 = -0.127988 (0.0345827)
 We have the formula of calculating energy at the
source as
log(E) =2*M+8.8

 From the regression model to calculate the energy at

source location the distance term is taken as Zero.
 By taking particular moment we can calculate the
energy by taking antilog of rest of the terms. This gives
the energy per unit area.
Contd.
 The area is taken as
Area = (fault length) * (fault width)
Here,
fault length = 10^(-2.44+0.59*M) (km)
fault width = 10^(-1.01+0.32*M) (Km)
 These fault length and width are taken from coppersmith (1994)
relation.
 Then multiplying the energy and area values we get the total
estimated energy values. The comparison of these values is done
with the actual values.
 Constant to be multiplied by energy is 2*ρ*β
ρ = 2.8
β= 3.6 * 10^15
ENERGY CALCULATION
 Scaling relations
• From scaling relations of earthquake energy, magnitude and
distance for any site, by knowing magnitude only energy
reaching at a particular distance can be calculated.
• As energy produced at source is not same as of site at far
distance. So site energy is important criteria.
• By knowing energy value at site a better analysis of hazard
potential of earthquake can be done.
• By knowing energy value at site it can be used for better and safe
design of buildings and other structures.
 Conclusion

 The hazard assessment and quantification in terms of spectral

acceleration along with input energy is more reasonable and
useful, than using only spectral acceleration. Which is not used
very commonly.
 There for developing these scaling relations of site energy is
very important.
 There is availability of input energy models from various
researchers, with varying degree of validity. Hence there is a
need of validating these relations for particularly chosen sites.
 references

 Gutenberg B. and Richter C.F., “Earthquake Magnitude, Intensity,

Energy and Accelaration, ”
 Hao Tzong-Ying,(2002)” Energy of Earthquake Response – Recent
developments” , ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Paper no.
416, vol. 39, No. 1-2.
 Bormann P., Engdahl B. and Kind R., “Seismic Wave Propagation
and Earth models”
 Chaudhary D., “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”, nptel ,
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT MUMBAI “
 Anbazhagan P., “nptel, introduction to engineering seismology “
 Khashaee P., Mohraz B., Sadek F., Lew H.S., Gross J L.,
“Distribution of Earthquake Input Energy in Structures”, United
States Department of Commerce Technology Administration,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 6903
Have a wonderful day