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Lecture Outline
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1. Production of gametes
2. Fertilization
• Meiosis:
special type of cell division that leads to
formation of sex cells
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Male Reproductive Organs
• Scrotum:
- contains testes
- contains dartos muscle that moves scrotum and
testes close to and away from body depending on
temp.
- sperm must develop at temp. less than body temp.
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• Testes:
- primary male reproductive organ
- produces sperm
- in scrotum
- contain seminiferous tubules: where sperm is
produced
- contain interstitial cells: secrete testosterone
- contain germ cells: begin of sperm cell
- contain Sustentacular cells: nourish germ cells
and produce hormones
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• Epididymis:
- thread-like tubules on side of each testis
- where seminiferous tubules empty new sperm
- where sperm continue to mature develop
ability to swim and bind to oocytes
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• Ductus deferens:
- “vas deferens”
- extends from epididymis and joins seminal
vesicle
- cut during a vasectomy
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Clinical Focus 19Bf
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• Penis:
- corporus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum,
spongy urethra: 3 columns of erectile tissue
which fill with blood for erection
- transfer sperm from male to female
- excrete urine
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Glands
• Seminal Vesicles:
next to ductus deferens help form ejaculatory duct
• Prostate gland:
- surrounds urethra
- size of a walnut
• Bulbourethral gland:
small mucus secreting glands near base of prostate
gland
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Figure 19.3
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• Seminal vesicles:
- provide fructose
- contain prostaglandins which decrease mucus
thickness around cervix and uterine tubes and
help sperm move through female repro. tract
- contains coagulants that help deliver semen into
female
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• Prostate gland:
- contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is
inside female
- neutralizes acidity of vagina
• Bulbourethral gland:
neutralize acidity of male urethra and female
vagina
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• Testicular secretions:
include sperm and small amount of fluid
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Path of Sperm
1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)
2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exit body
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Spermatogenesis
• What is it?
- formation of sperm cells
- begins at puberty
- interstitial cells (in semin. tubules) increase in
number and size
- seminiferous tubules enlarge
- seminiferous tubules produce germ cells and
Sustentacular cells
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Production of Sperm Cells
1. Germ cells
2. Spermatogonia
3. Primary spermatocytes
4. Secondary spermatocytes
5. Spermatids
6. Sperm cells
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Sperm Cells Structure
• Head:
contain a nucleus and DNA
• Midpiece:
contain mitochondria
• Tail:
flagellum for movement
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Figure 19.4
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Functions of Female Reproductive System
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External Female Genitalia
• Vulva:
- external female sex organs
- mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris,
and vestibule
• Mons pubis:
fatty layer of skin covering pubic symphysis
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• Labia majora:
- larger, outer folds of skin
- equivalent to male scrotum
• Labia minora:
thin, inner folds of skin
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• Clitoris:
- small erectile structure located in vestibule
- equivalent to male penis
• Prepuce:
where 2 labia minora unite over clitoris
• Vestibule:
space in which vagina and urethra are located
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Figure 19.7
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• Uterus layers:
- perimetrium (serous): outermost layer
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• Vagina:
- extends from uterus to outside of body
- female copulation organ that receives penis
during intercourse
- allows menstrual flow
- involved in childbirth
- contains very muscular walls and a mucous
membrane
- very acidic to keep bacteria out
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Figure 19.9
• Corpus luteum:
- mature follicle after ovulation
- degenerates if egg is not fertilized
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Figure 19.9
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Mammary Glands
• Organs of milk production in breasts
• Modified sweat glands
• Female breasts begin to enlarge during
puberty
• Consists of lobes covered by adipose
• Lobes, ducts, lobules are altered during
lactation to expel milk
• Menses:
time when endometrium is shed from uterus
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