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Chapter 19

Lecture Outline
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Functions

1. Production of gametes

2. Fertilization

3. Development and nourishment of new


individuals

4. Production of sex hormones

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Formation of Sex Cells
• Gametes:
- sex cells
- sperm in males
- oocytes (eggs) in females

• Meiosis:
special type of cell division that leads to
formation of sex cells

• Each sperm cell and each oocyte contains 23


chromosomes 4
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• Fertilization:
union of sperm and oocyte
• Zygote:
- what develops after fertilization
- develops into an embryo 3-14 days after
fertilization
• Embryo:
14-56 days after fertilization
• Fetus:
56 days after fertilization
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Functions of Male Reproductive System
• Produce sperm cells (sex cells)

• Produce male sex hormones

• Transfer sperm cells to female

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Male Reproductive Organs
• Scrotum:
- contains testes
- contains dartos muscle that moves scrotum and
testes close to and away from body depending on
temp.
- sperm must develop at temp. less than body temp.

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• Testes:
- primary male reproductive organ
- produces sperm
- in scrotum
- contain seminiferous tubules: where sperm is
produced
- contain interstitial cells: secrete testosterone
- contain germ cells: begin of sperm cell
- contain Sustentacular cells: nourish germ cells
and produce hormones
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• Epididymis:
- thread-like tubules on side of each testis
- where seminiferous tubules empty new sperm
- where sperm continue to mature develop
ability to swim and bind to oocytes

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• Ductus deferens:
- “vas deferens”
- extends from epididymis and joins seminal
vesicle
- cut during a vasectomy

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Clinical Focus 19Bf

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• Urethra:
- extends from urinary bladder to end of penis
- passageway for urine and male reproductive
fluids (not at same time)

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• Penis:
- corporus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum,
spongy urethra: 3 columns of erectile tissue
which fill with blood for erection
- transfer sperm from male to female
- excrete urine

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Glands
• Seminal Vesicles:
next to ductus deferens help form ejaculatory duct

• Prostate gland:
- surrounds urethra
- size of a walnut

• Bulbourethral gland:
small mucus secreting glands near base of prostate
gland
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Figure 19.3

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Figure 19.5a

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Secretions
• Semen:
- mixture of sperm and secretions from glands
- provides a transport medium and nutrients that
protect and activate sperm
- 60% of fluid is from seminal vesicles
- 30% of fluid is from prostate gland
- 5% of fluid is from bulbourethral gland
- 5% of fluid is from testes

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• Seminal vesicles:
- provide fructose
- contain prostaglandins which decrease mucus
thickness around cervix and uterine tubes and
help sperm move through female repro. tract
- contains coagulants that help deliver semen into
female

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• Prostate gland:
- contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is
inside female
- neutralizes acidity of vagina

• Bulbourethral gland:
neutralize acidity of male urethra and female
vagina

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• Testicular secretions:
include sperm and small amount of fluid

• 2-5 ml of semen is ejaculated each time

• 1 ml of semen contains 100 million sperm

• Sperm can live for 72 hours once inside female

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Path of Sperm
1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)
2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exit body

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Spermatogenesis
• What is it?
- formation of sperm cells
- begins at puberty
- interstitial cells (in semin. tubules) increase in
number and size
- seminiferous tubules enlarge
- seminiferous tubules produce germ cells and
Sustentacular cells

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Production of Sperm Cells
1. Germ cells
2. Spermatogonia
3. Primary spermatocytes
4. Secondary spermatocytes
5. Spermatids
6. Sperm cells

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Sperm Cells Structure
• Head:
contain a nucleus and DNA

• Midpiece:
contain mitochondria

• Tail:
flagellum for movement
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Figure 19.4

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Male Sex Hormones
Hormone Source Function
Gonadotropin- hypothalamus stimulates secretion of LH
releasing hormone and FSH

LH (luteinizing) anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of


gland testosterone

FSH anterior pituitary prompts spermatogenesis


(follicle-stimulating) gland

Testosterone interstitial cells involved in development and


in testes maintenance of reproductive
organs 28
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Male Puberty
• What is it?
- sequence of events in which a boy begins to
produce male hormones and sperm cells
- begins at 12-14 and ends around 18
- testosterone is major male hormone
- secondary sexual characteristics develop:
Ex. Skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth,
skeletal muscle growth, and larynx changes

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Functions of Female Reproductive System

• Produce female oocytes (sex cells)

• Produce female sex hormones

• Receive sperm from males

• Develop and nourish embryos

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External Female Genitalia
• Vulva:
- external female sex organs
- mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris,
and vestibule

• Mons pubis:
fatty layer of skin covering pubic symphysis

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• Labia majora:
- larger, outer folds of skin
- equivalent to male scrotum

• Labia minora:
thin, inner folds of skin

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• Clitoris:
- small erectile structure located in vestibule
- equivalent to male penis

• Prepuce:
where 2 labia minora unite over clitoris

• Vestibule:
space in which vagina and urethra are located
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Figure 19.7

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Female Reproductive Organs
• Ovaries:
- primary female reproductive organ
- produces oocytes and sex hormones
- one on either side of uterus
- ovarian ligaments: anchor ovaries to uterus
- suspensory ligaments: anchor ovaries to
pelvic cavity
- ovarian follicle: cells in ovaries that contain
oocytes
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• Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes:
- part of uterus which extends toward ovaries and
receive oocytes
- fimbriae: fringe-like structures around
opening of uterine tubes that help sweep oocyte
into uterine tubes
- tubal ligation (sterilization of female)
- ectopic pregnancy: if fertilized oocyte (zygote)
implants somewhere beside uterus (usually in
uterine tube)
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Clinical Focus 19Bg

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• Uterus:
- pear sized structure located in pelvic
cavity
- functions: receive, retain, and provide
nourishment for fertilized oocyte, where
embryo resides and develops
- body: main part
- cervix: narrow region that leads to vagina

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• Uterus layers:
- perimetrium (serous): outermost layer

- myometrium (muscular): middle layer


composed of smooth muscle

- endometrium: innermost layer that is sloughed


off during menstruation

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• Vagina:
- extends from uterus to outside of body
- female copulation organ that receives penis
during intercourse
- allows menstrual flow
- involved in childbirth
- contains very muscular walls and a mucous
membrane
- very acidic to keep bacteria out

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Figure 19.9

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Follicle and Oocyte Development
Oocyte Follicle
Fetus oogonium primordial follicle
primary oocyte primordial follicle

Puberty primary oocyte primary follicle


To primary oocyte secondary follicle
Menopause primary oocyte mature follicle
secondary oocyte mature follicle
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Ovulation
• What is it?
- when a mature follicle ruptures forcing oocyte
into peritoneal (pelvic) cavity
- due to LH (anterior pit. gland)

• Corpus luteum:
- mature follicle after ovulation
- degenerates if egg is not fertilized

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Figure 19.9

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Other Female Reproductive Facts
• Females are born with all of their oogonia (2
million), unlike males that only begin to produce
sperm during puberty.

• At puberty about 300,000-400,000 oogonia are left.

• Puberty to menopause, FSH stimulates several


follicles to begin developing during each menstrual
cycle but only 1 follicle should be ovulated.
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• Oocytes are swept into one of uterine tubes by
fimbriae.

• If sperm is present in uterine tube during


ovulation oocyte could be fertilized.

• If fertilization occurs then zygote implants in


uterus.

• Oocyte only lives for 24 hours, so if no sperm is


present at ovulation no zygote develops, and
oocyte dies. 49
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Female Puberty
• Begins between 11-13 and is usually completed
by 16
• Menarche first episode of menstrual bleeding
• Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external
genitalia to enlarge and fat is deposited in breast
and hips
• Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone are
secreted by ovaries

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Mammary Glands
• Organs of milk production in breasts
• Modified sweat glands
• Female breasts begin to enlarge during
puberty
• Consists of lobes covered by adipose
• Lobes, ducts, lobules are altered during
lactation to expel milk

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Female Sex Hormones
Hormone Source Function
Gonadotropin- hypothalamus stimulates secretion of LH
releasing hormone and FSH

LH (luteinizing) anterior pituitary causes ovulation


gland
FSH anterior pituitary signals the follicle in ovaries
(follicle-stimulating) gland to being development

Estrogen follicles of ovaries affects endometrial


lining of uterus, breasts,
regulates secretions of LH
and FSH
Progesterone ovaries affects endometrial lining of
uterus, secretions, breasts,
affects LH and FSH,
secondary sexual charac.53
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Menstrual Cycle
• What is it?
series of changes that occur in sexually mature,
nonpregnant females

• Menses:
time when endometrium is shed from uterus

• Average is 28 days and results from cyclical


changes that occur in endometrium
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Stages of Menstrual Cycle
• Days 1-5 Menses (shedding of endometrium)
- menstrual bleeding (menses)
- estrogen and progesterone levels are low
- follicle begins to mature
• Days 6-13 Proliferative (between end of menses and ovulation)
- endometrium rebuilds
- estrogen levels begin to increase
- progesterone levels remain low
- follicle matures
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• Day 14 Ovulation
- oocyte is released due to LH
- estrogen levels high
- progesterone levels are increasing
- cervical mucus thins
• Days 15-28 Secretory (between ovulation and next menses)
- endometrium is preparing for implantation
- estrogen levels decrease (low)
- progesterone levels high
- cervical mucus thickens
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Figure 19.14

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Menopause
• What is it?
- time when ovaries secrete less hormones and
number of follicles in ovaries is low
- menstrual cycle and ovulation are less regular
- hot flashes, fatigue, irritability may occur
- estrogen replacement therapy may be used to
decreases side effects

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