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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Jennifer Kensler
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
Used to test whether the population mean is
different from a specified value.
y 0
t
s/ n
n
iy y 2
Where s i 1
n 1
Step 1: Hypotheses
H0: μ = 3.5 cm
Ha: μ ≠ 3.5 cm
JMP
Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration
Analyze Distribution
Y, Columns: Sepal Width
Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 3.5
JMP OUTPUT
Step 1 Hypotheses:
H0: μsetosa = μversicolor
Ha: μsetosa ≠ μversicolor
JMP
Steps 2-4:
JMP Demonstration:
Analyze Fit Y By X
Y, Response: Sepal Width
X, Factor: Species
JMP OUTPUT
Example:
A researcher would like to determine if
background noise causes people to take longer to
complete math problems. The researcher gives 20
subjects two math tests one with complete silence
and one with background noise and records the
time each subject takes to complete each test.
STEP 1: FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESES
The population mean difference is not equal to zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference ≠ 0
The population mean difference is greater than
zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference > 0
The population mean difference is less than a zero.
H0: μdifference = 0
Ha: μdifference < 0
STEP 2: CHECK THE ASSUMPTIONS
The sample is random.
d 0
t
sd / n
Where d bar is the mean of the differences and sd
is the standard deviations of the differences.
Test Mean
Specify Hypothesized Mean: 0
JMP OUTPUT
A B C
Medical Treatment
ANOVA STRATEGY
H 0 : 1 2 r
H a : The i are not all equal.
STEP 2: CHECK ANOVA ASSUMPTIONS
The samples are random and independent of each
other.
The populations are normally distributed.
A B C A B C
Medical Treatment
SSG
MSG
r -1
n1 ( y1 y ) 2 n 2 ( y2 y ) 2 n r ( y1 y ) 2
r -1
MSE
Mean square error, MSE, measures the variability
within the groups.
SSE stands for sums of squares error.
SSE
MSE
n-r
(n 1 - 1)s12 (n 2 - 1)s 22 (n r - 1)s 2r
n-r
Where
ni
(y
j 1
ij yi )
si
ni 1
STEPS 4-5
Step 4: Calculate the p-value.
JMP demonstration
Oneway Analysis of Pain By Drug
Compare Means All Pairs, Tukey HSD
JMP OUTPUT
yij i covariates ij
ANCOVA EXAMPLE
Consider the previous example where we tested
whether the patients receiving different drugs
reported different levels of pain. Perhaps age and
gender may influence the efficacy of the drug. We
can use age and gender as covariates.
JMP demonstration
Analyze Fit Model
Y: Pain
Add: Drug
Age
Gender
JMP OUTPUT
CONCLUSION
The one sample t-test allows us to test whether
the mean of a group is equal to a specified value.
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/topics/anova.htm
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/topics/anova.htm
REFERENCES
Fisher’s Irises Data (used in one sample and two
sample t-test examples).