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Research
Questionnaire
• After the careful formulation of research
questions/hypothesis and sample
selection next step in research chain is
developing data collection instrument.
The two most commonly used research
instruments in quantitative research
studies include
• Questionnaire and
• Tests.
Validity and reliability of
instruments:
• Validity is the degree to which an
instrument measure what it is purports to
measure. Invalid instruments can lead to
erroneous research conclusions, which in
turn can influence educational decisions.
• Reliability is the internal consistency or
stability of the measuring device over time
(Gay, 1996).
• A questionnaire is a research instrument
consisting of a series of questions and
other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
Questionnaire is widely used esp. in
descriptive survey studies(Borg & Gall,
1983).
Advantages of Questionnaire
• Can reach a large number of people
relatively easily and economically.
• Provide quantifiable answers.
• Relatively easy to analyze.
• Less time consuming than interview or
observation.
(Bailey,1982)
Steps in Questionnaire
Construction:
A. Reviewing the Literature
B. Deciding what information should be
sought
C. Knowing respondents
D. Constructing Questionnaire Items
E. Reexamination and revision of the questions
F. Pretesting questionnaires
G. Editing the questionnaire and specifying
procedure for use
A. Reviewing the Literature:
• Before constructing the questionnaire the
researcher must review all the related literature
to see if an already prepared questionnaire is
available to similar his/her topic of study. This
will save time and effort required to construct an
entirely new questionnaire. Changes can be
made as the study demands.
B. Deciding what information should be
sought:
• List specific objectives to be achieved by
the questionnaire.
• Methods of data analysis that will be
applied to the retuned questionnaire
should also be kept in mind
C. Knowing respondents:
• Researcher must know his target
population in relation to occupation,
special sensitivities, education, ethnicity
language etc.
D. Constructing Questionnaire Items:
• Each item on the questionnaire must be
developed to measure a specific aspect of
objectives or hypothesis.
• Researcher must be able to explain in detail why
a certain question is being asked and how the
responses will be analyzed.
• Making “dummy tables” that show how item-by-
item results of the study will be analyzed is a
good idea(Borg & Gall, 1983).
Rules for constructing items
1. Both open as well as closed ended
questions can be used however closed
ended questions are preferred
2. Clarity of all the items is necessary to
obtain valid results.
3. Short items are preferable to long items as
they are easier to understand.
4. Negative items should be avoided as they
are often misread by many respondents.
5. Avoid “double-barreled” items, which require the
subject to respond to two separate ideas with a
single answer.
6. Avoid using technical terms, jargons or big
words that some respondents may not
understand.
7. When a general and a related specific question
are to be asked together it is preferable to ask
general question first. Otherwise it will narrow
the focus of the general question if specific
question is asked first.
8. Avoid biased or leading questions.
(Borg & Gall, 1983)
Question Formats
Basic
Question Formats
Clarifying
Questions Single-coded
Multiple-coded
Open ended questions:
Basic open-ended questions
Q. What do you particularly like about Lipton Tea?
_______________________________________________________________________
Probing Questions:
What do you particularly like about Johnson & Johnson baby oil?
____________________________________________________________________
PROBE: Anything else
Close ended questions:
A. Dichotomous questions with no neutral response
Q Do you have a cellular phone?
1 Yes ...................................... without neutral
2 No ...................................... response
b. Dichotomous questions With Neutral Response
Is it likely that you will purchase a cellular phone in the next six months?
1 Yes ...................................... with neutral
2 No ...................................... response
3 Not Sure ..............................
http://www.authorstream.com
• Single- and multi-coded multiple choice question
On an average, how much do you spend on newspapers, books and
magazines in a month? (Please check one from the following
responses.)
• 1 Less than $15 ...................................
Single-coded
• 2 Between $16 & $30 ......................….
question
• 3 Between $31 & $45 .......................…
• 4 Between $46 & $60 .....................…..
• 5 $60 or more .................................…..
http://www.authorstream.com
Questionnaire format