The Basics of Computer Networking

MUSLIM HANDS INFORMATICS

 What is Network?

1. Network Means Interconnection of Computer

2. Two or More then two computers connected With
Each other to allow sharing resources and
information
 What is Network?
3. A Group of Computers which are connected with
each other (by wire, wirelessly) for communication,
is called computer network

4. The word “Network” has been derived from two

words; “NET” and “WORK”, which means working in
a NET or shell
•What is “Network” & “Computer Network”?
•Sharing of Resources is called Network…
•Sharing of Computer Resources (Hardware,
Software) is called Computer Network
 Guided Media Unguided Media
Sender Receiver Sender Receiver

Physical Link / With Wire No Physical Link / Without Wire

1. Twisted Pair Cable 1. Radio Waves

2. Coaxial Cable 2. Infrared Waves
3. Fiber Optic Cable 3. Micro Waves
Twisted Pair Cable
• Cable Strippers:
Cable strippers are used to strip off the
outer insulation of a cable when getting
it ready for a connector.
Snips/Cable Cutter:
• Snips are used to cut cables
Crimping Tool:
• Crimper are used to attach a connector
on the end of a cable
• Crimper An 8-pin/8-position plug or jack
is commonly used to connect computers
onto Ethernet-based local area networks
(LAN).
• Two wiring schemes–T568A and T568B–
are used to terminate the twisted-pair
cable onto the connector interface
Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
 The Three Types of Networks
LAN

Local Area Network

WAN

Wide Area Network

=============== LAN WAN

MAN

Metropolitan Area
Network

CAN

Campus Area
Network
MAN/CAN
 Local Area Network

• A Local Area Network spans a relatively small area

• LAN are usually confined to one building or a group of buildings
• Data travel between network devices via network cables.
• A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and
printers.
 Metropolitan Area Network

A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network

across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger
than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site.
 Wide Area Network

A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an

entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known
example of a public WAN.
 Memory Units
Bit: A smallest unit of memory or a
single digit is called bit. (o or 1)
Nibble: A group of four bits is called
Nibble.
Byte: A Group of eight bit or 2 Nibbles is
called Byte.

1 bit = 0 0r 1
4 bits = 1 Nibble
8 bits = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 kilo Byte
 Memory Units
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB = 1 PB (Peta Byte)
1024 PB = 1 EB (Exa Byte)
1024 EB = 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)
1024 ZB = 1 YB (Yotta Byte)
1024 YB = 1 BB (Bronto Byte)
1024 BB = 1 GeopB (Geop Byte)
 IP Addresses and Its Types

1. Version

2. Classes

3. Public And Private

4. Assignment
 What is IP Address?
1. IP Stand for (Internet Protocol)
2. A Unique global Number Address identifies each
computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate
over a network.
3. IP Address have 4 octets separated by dot or period.
every octet has 8 bits or 1 byte and the address is 32 bits
long.
8 bits . 8 bits . 8 bits . 8 bits
1st Octet – 2nd Octet – 3rd Octet – 4th Octet
192 . 168 . 1 . 1
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 What is IP Address?

4. Subnet: A subnet denotes a range of addresses that

can be allocated to hosts, such as 192.168.1.0/24.
5. Subnet Mask: A 32-bit number used to differentiate
the network component of an IP address by dividing
the IP address into a network address and host
address
6. Network Interface Card (NIC): A computer hardware
component that allows a computer to connect to a
network
7. Interface — A network connection.
 Types

Assignment

Static IP Address

Dynamic IP Address
 Types

Static IP Address

Statics IP addresses are manually

assigned to a computer by
computer Administrator or
Network Administrator.
 Types

Dynamic IP Address

Automatically assigned either by

the computer interface or host
software itself, as in Zeroconf, or
assigned by a server
using Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
 Classes

Classful Classless
 Classful IP Addresses
 IP addresses divided into five
Classes A B C D and E.
 Class A Reserved for Governments
Class B reserved for Medium size of
organization or companies.
Class C reserved for Small size of
organization or companies.
 Classful IP Addresses
Class D Reserved for Multicasting
Class E Reserved for Experimental,
Research and for future use.
 Classful IP Addresses
 Class A Begins With 1 to 126

 Class B Begins With 128 to 191

 Class C Begins With 192 to 223

 Network
 Local Host

 Class A 10.0.0.0 16777216 - 2 = 16777214

 Class B 128.1.0.0 65536 - 2 = 65534
 Class C 192.1.1.0 256 – 2 = 254
IP Address Class Network and Host Capacities
 Class A IP Address
 IP addresses begins with 0
 7 remaining bits in network part
--- Only 128 possible Class A networks
 24 bits in Local or Host Part
--- Over 16 million hosts per Class A
Network!
 All Class A Network parts are
assigned or reserved
 Class B IP Address
 16 bits for Network address
and 16 bits for Hosts
 A Balance between number of
networks and hosts per Network
 IP address begins with 10 (1st zero in
2nd Position)
 14 remaining bits in network part
--- Over 16,000 possible Class B
networks
16 bits in Local part
--- Over 65,000 possible hosts
 Class C IP Address
 24 bits for Network address
and 8 bits for Hosts
 Popular and Commonly Used
 IP address begins with 110 (1st zero in
3rd Position)
 21 more bits in network part
--- Over 2 million possible Class C
networks!
8 bits in Local part
--- Only 256 possible hosts per Class C
Network!
 Public IP Address

Class C Begins With 192 to 223

 Private IP Address

 10.0.0.0

 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
 Reserved IP Addresses

 Addresses Beginning 127 are

reserved for Loopback or
internal testing such as LAN
Card, Network Adaptor Card,
NIC Card and Ether card they all
are same.
 Reserved Addresses

 A Class IP Address – 100.100.100.100

 Network Address – 100.0.0.0

 Broadcast Address – 100.255.255.255

 Reserved Addresses

 B Class IP Address – 150.150.150.150

 Network Address – 150.150.0.0

 Broadcast Address – 150.150.255.255

 Reserved Addresses

 C Class IP Address – 200.100.100.100

 Network Address – 200.200.200.0

 Broadcast Address – 200.200.200.255

 Reserved Addresses
Private IP Address
 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
 Reserved Addresses
APIPA

(Automatics Private IP Address)

169..54.x.x
THE END