1- Raneem Mohamed Ayman.

2- Mona Samy Sallam.

3- Marwa Ali Ahmed Abd El-Mawgoud.
4- Hadeer Foda Foaad.
5- Heba Mostafa Ismaiel.
6- Noha Reda Abd El-Fattah.

Under supervision:
Dr Hanaa
NUTRITION DURING
INFANCY
Growth & Development
Of The Infant :
• Height & Weight • GI System
• Sleeping • Kidney
• Muscles • Excretion
• Teeth • Hemoglobin
• Stools • Brain
• Water Contain
• Skin
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Energy (Why?)
• Protein
• Fat (Whole Cow’s Milk & Low-fat
Milk)
• Water
• Vitamins & Minerals
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFICIENCY RDA|
Vit-A Vision, skin, bone & tooth, Microcytic anemia, 0-6 m: 420 RE
hormones, reproduction, and night blindness, 6-12 m: 400 RE
immunity keratinization, rashes
Thiamin Coenzyme, support appetite Edema, enlarged 0-6 m: 0.3 mg
and nervous s. function heart, abnormal heart 6-12 m: 0.5 mg
rhythm and heart
failure
Riboflavin Coenzyme, support normal Cracks at concerns of 0-6 m: 0.4 mg
vision and skin health mouth, magenta 6-12 m: 0.6 mg
tongue,
hypersensitivity to
light, reddish of
cornea
Niacin Coenzyme, support health of Diarrhea, black and 0-6 m: 6 mg equiv.
skin, nervous and digestive smooth tongue 6-12 m: 8 mg equiv.
system
Vit-B6 Coenzyme, help convert Microcytic anemia, 0-6 m: 0.3 mg
tryptophan to niacin, help smooth tongue, 6-12 m: 0.6 mg
make RBCs irritability, muscle
twitching, convulsion
VITAMIN FUNCTION DEFFICIENCY RDA
Folacin Coenzyme in new cell Megaloplastic anemia 0-6 m: 30 µg
synthesis 6-12 m: 45 µg
Vit-B12 Coenzyme in new cell Megaloplastic anemia, 0-6 m: 0.5 µg
synthesis, help maintain smooth tongue, fatigue 6-12 m: 1.5 µg
nerve cells

Vit-C Collagen synthesis, Microcytic anemia, 0-12 m: 35 mg

antioxidant, thyroxin
synthesis, a.a metabolism,
support immunity, help in
iron absorption
Vit-D Mineralization of bones
pinpoint hemorrhages,
frequent infections,
bleeding gums
Abnormal growth, joint 0-12 m: 10 µg
pain, soft bone, rickets

Vit-E Antioxidant, stabilization of RBC breakage; anemia 0-6 m: 3 mg

cell membrane, protection 6-12 m: 4 mg
of PUFA & vit-A

Vit-K Synthesis of blood clotting hemorrhaging 0-6 m: 12 µg

protein & blood protein that 6-12 m: 10-20 µg
regulate calcium
MINERALS
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY RDA
Calcium Principle mineral of bone & Stunted growth 0-6 m: 360 mg
teeth, muscle contraction & 6-12 m: 540 mg
relaxation, nerve functioning,
blood clotting, blood
pressure, immunity
Magnesium Bone mineralization, protein Growth failure 0-6 m: 50 mg
synthesis, enzyme action, convulsion 6-12 m: 70 mg
muscle contraction,
transmission of nerve
impulses, teeth health
Sodium Extracellular fluid balance, Muscle cramps 0-6 m: 115-350 mg
acid-base balance, nerve Loss of appetite 6-12 m: 250-750 mg
impulses transmission
Chloride Fluid balance, part of Growth failure 0-6 m: 275-700mg
stomach HCl 6-12 m: 400-1200mg
potassium Facilitate making of proteins, Muscular weakness, 0-6 m: 350-925 mg
fluid & electrolyte balance, paralysis, and 6-12 m: 425-1275 mg
support cell integrity, nerve possibly death
impulses transmission,
muscle contraction
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFFICIENCY RDA
Iodine Component of thyroxin Goiter, cretinism 0-6 m: 40µg
6-12 m: 50 µg
Iron Part of hemoglobin, part of Anemia, weakness, 0-6 m: 10 mg
myoglobin, necessary for pallor, headache, 6-12 m: 15 mg
energy utilization reduced resistance to
infection
Zinc Part of many enzyme, present Growth failure, sexual 0-6 m: 3 mg
in insulin, involved in making retardation, poor wound 6-12 m: 5 mg
genetic material & protein, healing
immunity, vit-A transport, taste
perception, wound healing
Copper Necessary for absorption & Anemia 0-6 m: 0.5-0.7 mg
use of iron for Hb formation, 6-12 m: 0.7-1 mg
part of several enzyme, helps
to form the protective covering
of nerves
Fluoride Formation of bone & teeth, Susceptibility to tooth 0-6 m: 0.1-0.5 mg
decay & bone loss 6-12 m: 0.2-1 mg
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFFICIENCY RDA
Selenium Part of antioxidant anemia 0-6 m: 0.01-0.04
mg
6-12 m: 0.02-
0.06 mg
Chromium Associated with insulin Diabetes-like condition 0-6 m: 0.01-0.04
mg
6-12 m: 0.02-
0.06 mg
Cobalt Part of vit-P12 Unknown No RDA
Formulas for
Premature Infant
The premature infant is born
with:
• Poorly developed muscle.
• V. little body fat.
• Low stores of iron.
• Inadequately mineralized skeleton.
• Difficulties in body temp. regulation.
• Limited digestive ability.
• Unable to suck.
Formulas for Premature
Infant
RDA:
1. Calories: 55-60 Kcal/pound
2. Protein: 2-2.7 g/pound
3. Vit-A: 2500 IU
4. Vit-D: 400 IU
5. Ascorbic acid: 30-50 mg
Supplementary foods
during the first year
1- Introduce only one new food at a time.
2-Give very small amount of new food.
3-Use a very thin consistency when
starting solid food .
4- Never force an infant to eat more of food
than he takes.
5-After that a baby dislike for a food omit
that for a week or two and try again .
6-Food should be only slightly .
7-Use food of smooth consistency .
8-When baby can chew gradually eat
chopped fruit and vegetables at 8 – 9
months .
9- Infant may object to some food by
themselves.
10- Variety in choice of food .
11- The mother or anyone feeding the infant
must be careful.
Over nutrition
during infancy
Causing …
1- Initiate an allergy before
adequate defenses have
been established.

Immature kidneys of babies + electrolytes of

solid foods = renal solute load.
Hazards of over
nutrition:
A. Obesity
 In first year .. Increase in adipose cell
numbers and increase in number of
adipocytes gradual.
 Increase in adipose cell size from birth to
age 6.
 Weight loss later , will be reduction in cell
size not cell numbers .
 So , final number of adipose cells influenced
early in life.
B. Salt
babies accept unsalted and salted foods
equally well.

Large amount of salt could lead to

(hypertension , CVD).

Amount of sodium ingested infants from

formulas and foods substantially exceeds the
requirement.