Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Basins to Bedding
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Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which form at or near the
earth's surface primarily through:
• Deposition of weathered silicate material by water, wind, or ice (detrital,
clastic, terrigenous)
• Direct inorganic chemical precipitation from water
• Precipitation by organic processes
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Sedimentary Rocks
• Three end-member types:
• T=Terrigenous
• Residual and secondary
weathering products
(siliciclastic)
• Allogenic (extra-basinal) origin
• A= Allochemical
• Chemical or biochemical
particles, shell fragments
• Authigenic (form within basin)
but locally reworked
• O= Orthochemical
• Primary chemical precipitation IO= Impure orthochemical
from dissolved ions IA= Impure allochemical
• Authigenic (form within basin
of deposition), no reworking
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Sedimentary Rocks
• T: Terrigenous
• Most mudrocks, sandstones,
and conglomerates
• 65% to 75% of sedimentary
strata
• IA: Impure Allochemical
• Very fossiliferous shale,
sandy fossiliferous or oolitic
limestones
• 10-15% of sedimentary • A: Allochemical rocks
strata • Fossiliferous, oolitic, pellet, or
• IO: Impure Orthochemical intraclastic limestone or dolomite
• Clay-rich microcrystalline • 10-15% of sedimentary strata
limestones • O: Orthochemical Rocks
• 2-5% of sedimentary strata • Microcrystalline limestone, chert,
anhydrite, crystalline dolomite
• 2-8% of sedimentary strata
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Sedimentary Basins
• Sedimentary rocks form in basins
• Areas of the earth’s surface subject to long term (millions to
tens of millions of years) subsidence resulting in space to
accommodate sediment (not subject to erosion)
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Sedimentary Basins
• Basins occur in a wide
range of tectonic
settings
Cratonic settings:
Michigan basin
Divergent plate
boundaries:
Passive; Atlantic coast
basin
Rift Basins; East African
Rift Carbonate Basin
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Sedimentary
Basins and
Rocks
• Simple model and
classification
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• Grain Size
Siliciclastic Rock
Classification
• Descriptive textural classification based on
proportions of:
• S (sand; 0.063-2mm) - S (silt; 0.004-0.063 mm) -
C (clay; <0.004 mm)
• Sandstones, siltstones, and shales
• 7 types of “normal”
sandstones
• Others = “mineral”
arenite, i.e. mica-arenite,
magnetite-arenite
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Terrigenous Clastic
Depositional Environments
• Long systems
• Complex association of
depositional environments
through which clastic
sediment is transported and
in which some sediment is
deposited
• End product is relatively
“mature” sediment
Sediments are chemically and mechanically stable in composition (high
temp, unstable minerals are not present)
Sediments are well sorted into the end member sizes of sand and clay.
Sandstones at the end of the long system are mature quartz arenites
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Terrigenous Clastic
Depositional Environments
• Short systems
• The siliciclastic source
land is proximal to (close
to) the basin
• Commonly observed in
tectonically active
regions
• Sediments across the
entire system are
mineralogically and
texturally immature
• They are generally poorly
sorted and range in size
from gravel to coarse
sand
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Carbonates
• Make up 10-15% of
sedimentary rocks
• Excellent indicators of
depositional environments;
integral to study of past
environments and earth
history
• Important reservoirs for oil
and gas
• Carbonates (>50% primary
carbonate minerals)
▫ Limestone (CaCO3)
Chemical
biochemical
▫ Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
Chemical
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• Micrite
• Lime mud (<0.004 mm)
• Largely fragmental algae remains, also chemical precipitate
• Sparite
• Crystalline carbonate material (>0.004 mm)
• Forms by precipitation (often as cement) or recrystallization
• Allochems
• Transported chemical or biochemical precipitates (fragmental
material)
• Include intraclasts, ooliths, peloids, and bioclasts
• Biolithic elements
• Formed by organisms in situ
• Bound together by precipitated material
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• Implies deposition in a
low energy environment
just like in terrigenous
mudstone
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• Dunham
• Abundance of allochems (ratio
grains:mud)
• Original components bound
together
Collaborative Activity
1. You have two sandstones (Table, handout)
A. Plot the normalized proportions of Q, F, and L on the ternary diagram.
B. For each sandstone:
1. Classify it (give it a compositional name and indicate arenite vs
wacke)
2. Determine the most likely tectonic setting from which it
originated, and give your evidence
3. Determine the depositional environment (general - long system,
short system; be more specific if you can) in which it most likely
formed, and give your evidence
2. You have three carbonates (handout)
A. Based on the description, for each carbonate:
1. Give it a compositional classification under both the Folk and
Dunham schemes (and indicate allochemical vs orthochemical)
2. Describe the depositional environment as best you can and give
your evidence