MD, LlB University of the Cordilleras Baguio City Definition of Terms • Legal Medicine • Branch of Medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purposes of law and in the administration of justice • Legal Medicine, Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence - synonymous with each other, and in common practice are used interchangeably Definitions & Differences • Strictly speaking • Legal Medicine is primarily the application of medicine to legal cases • Forensic Medicine concerns with the application of medical knowledge to elucidate legal problems. Differences in Scopes • William J. Curran • a prominent Harvard professor of legal medicine defines • Legal Medicine as encompassing those specialty areas of medicine concerned with relations to substantive law and legal institutions • Forensic Medicine deals with investigation , preparation, preservation and presentation of evidence and medical opinion in courts and other legal, correctional and other law- enforcement settings According to Dr Henry C. Lee • an eminent U.S. forensic expert who claims that Forensic Medicine has a broader definition than Legal Medicine • FM encompasses a variety of fields in forensic science such as, pathology, anthropology, odontology, toxicology, entomology, et al • Its application is limited not only to legal issues but also covers historical, environmental and social political issues • Legal Medicine refers to substantive law defining the relationship between and among hospitals, doctors, patients, whereas Forensic Medicine deals with activities or acts punishable under our local laws • Dr. Henry C. Lee, • Medical Jurisprudence denotes the knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine • It concerns with the study of the rights, duties and obligations of a medical practitioner with particular reference to those arising from a doctor-patient relationship Nature of the Study of Legal Medicine: • Knowledge of legal medicine means: • ability to acquire facts • power to arrange those facts in their logical order • draw a conclusion from the facts which may be useful in the administration of justice • power to impart to others verbally or in writing all those he has observed. Facts & Fallacies • Misconceptions among the public • Medicolegal practitioners must also be lawyers • One has to be a pathologist to be involved in this line of work Who is who? • A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medico-legal duties is known as a Medical Jurist (aka “Medical Examiner”, “Medico-legal Officer”, “Medico-legal Expert”) • e.g. Dr V.V. Villasenor (PNP Crime Laboratory) Dr. Ronaldo Bandonill (NBI) • Atty. Molly Cr. Abiog, M.D. is a doctor and a lawyer, but not a Medico-legal Officer! Who are the Medico-Legal Practitioners? • Can either be in the service of the government or in private practice. • In government • Connected with law enforcement agencies such as the police departments • Legitimate investigative bodies such as the PNP Crime Laboratory • Medicolegal division of the National Bureau of Investigation • Physicians employed by the government as they are mandated by law to perform autopsies on medicolegal cases • Municipal Health Officer • Provincial Health Officers Who are the Medico-Legal Practitioners? • As private practitioners • Consultants in private hospitals to whom are referred medicolegal patients. • As part of the Hospital Team that monitors the patient’s condition while confined at the Hospital. When the patient’s case goes to court, the medicolegal practitioner is called to testify on the fact of the injury, the treatment the patient received in the Hospital, his expert opinion as to the cause of the patienty’ Who are authorized by law to perform autopsies? • Sec. 95, P.D. 856, Code of Sanitation: • Health Officers • Medical Officers of Law enforcement agencies • Members of the Medical Staff of Accredited hospitals • Code of Medical Ethics of the Medical Profession of the Philippines. Sec. 2. Art. III states: • “However, it is the duty of every physician, when called upon by the judicial authorities, to assist in the administration of justice on matters which are medico-legal in character” Distinction between an ordinary physician and a medical jurist: Ordinary Physician Medical Jurist 1. Sees an injury or illness 1. Sees an injury or illness on the point of view of on the point of view of TREATMENT CAUSE 2. Purpose in examining 2. include those bodily patient is to arrive at lesions in his report a definite Diagnosis- and testify before the Rx Rx court before an investigation body result: justice where justice is due-given. Ordinary Physician Medical Jurist 3. Minor or trivial ignored 3. Medical jurists must –they do not require record all bodily injuries even if they are minor because these injuries may be proofs to qualify the crime or to justify an act What are these so-called MEDICOLEGAL CASES? • Injuries or deaths involving persons who have no means of being identified • Persons pronounced as “dead on arrival” (DOA) • Deaths under the following circumstances: • Death occurring within 24 hours of admission when the clinical cause of death is unknown or undeterminable; • Unexpected sudden death especially when the deceased is in apparent good health; • Death due to natural disease but associated with physical evidence suspicious of foul play; • Death as a result of violence, accident, suicide or poisoning; • Death due to improper of negligent act of another person; • Victims of physical injuries caused by the following: • Physical violence such as gunshot wound, stab wound, mauling, etc.; • Vehicular accident • Asphyxia • Electrocution • Chemical or thermal insult • Accident • Attempted Homicide or suicide • Poisoning • Cases of child abuse, domestic violence, rape, alcoholism and drug addiction; • Cases involving the mental competency of the patient; • Iatrogenic causes brought about by negligent acts or omissions of the hospital staff resulting in violation of rights of patients or leading to his physical and mental incapacitation, physical injury and death. • Under Philippine laws, medico-legal deaths must undergo mandatory autopsy • No consent is required for the autopsy although the next of kin is informed of this requirement and his signed consent obtained as a matter of courtesy • Death certificate cannot be completed without the autopsy. • If the hospital has no authority to conduct autopsy, it refers the case to a government body which can do it—either to the PNP or the NBI or top a Municipal or Provincial Heath Officer • If the Hospital has the authority to conduct autopsy but the relatives refuse to cooperate, the death certificate is merely filled up by putting as the cause of death “undetermined” • In effect, it is also as if no death certificate has been issued because legally the body cannot be buried without a cause of death Major capabilities of a medico- legal officer: • Conducts • autopsy • examination of victims of sexual crimes • examination of victims of Physical injuries • examination of skeletal remains • blood and blood stain, seminal fluid/stain- examination of body fluids • Exhumation of bodies • Histopathological examinations Branches of Law where Legal Medicine maybe applied: • Civil Law • Paternity and filiations; • Determination of or change in Civil Personality/Status of persons; • Adoption, Declaration of Nullity of Marriage, Legal Separation, etc. • Criminal Law • Circumstances affecting criminal liability • Crimes against persons • Crimes against chastity • Remedial Law • Rules on evidence • Proceedings for hospitalization • Physical/mental examination of a person Autopsies shall be performed in the following cases: • Whenever required by special laws • Upon order of a competent court, mayor and a provincial or city fiscal • Upon written request by police authorities • Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal deem it necessary to dissenter and take possession of the remains for examination to determine cause of death • Whenever the nearest kin shall request in writing the authorities concerned to ascertain the cause of death FORENSIC Science Disciplines: • Hair Analysis DNA Analysis • Fiber Analysis Forensic Anthropology • Glass fragments and paint chips Forensic Archaeology analyses Forensic Pathology • Ballistics and Tool marks Forensic Odontology • Fingerprints Questioned Document analysis • Footwear Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology • Tire Impressions Blood Splatter Analysis ASSIGNMENT: • Bring to class next meeting • Medico-legal certificate • Autopsy Report Case Discussion: • An 18 year old female, single, came to a medical clinic complaining that she has been raped. • History of the Present Complaint: • One (1) month PTC, Mr. X by use of force and intimidation had carnal knowledge with her at Burnham Park @ 2:00 p.m. For fear of her parent’s wrath, she kept what happened to herself and came for medical examination only today. • Examination results: • Recently healed hymeneal lacerations at 4 and 6 o’clock; • No signs of recent application of force at the perineal area; • Internal Examination, admits 2 examining fingers with ease; shallow vaginal rugosities; • Laboratory Examinations: Positive for spermatozoa, no gram negative cocci. • Conclusions: -non-virgin state; -healed lacerations at 4 and 6 o’clock -presence of Spermatozoa, • Conclusion: recent sexual intercourse within the last 24 hrs.