FLUID FLOW

&
SIMULATION SOFTWARES
CONTENTS

• PHASES OF FLUID

• FLUID FLOW IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

• PIPING AND PIPELINES AND RISERS

• MULTIPHASE FLOW

• EOS AND FLOW CORRELATIONS

• SIMULATION SOFTWARES

• INDUSTRIAL CODES AND STANDARDS

PHASES
• SINGLE PHASE
• GAS
• NATURAL GAS SATURATED WITH WATER

• DRY GAS – DEHYDRTED GAS

• NITROGEN USED FOR PURGING

• FUEL GAS

• LIQUID
• OIL

• PRODUCED WATER

• INJECTION CHEMICALS
• MEG, MEOH, KHI, LDHI, DE-EMULISIFIERS, LUBE OIL, DIESEL
PHASES
• MULTIPHASE
• GAS + LIQUID

• GAS + CONDENSATE

• OIL + ASSOCIATED GAS

• GAS + OIL + PRODUCED WATER

• SAND
PHASES
• MULTIPHASE

• GOR (GAS OIL RATIO) = VOLUME OF GAS FROM VOLUME OF OIL AT

STP

• WATER CUT = W/ (O+W)

• API GRAVITY = (141.5/SG) – 131.5

PHASE ENVELOPE
PHASE ENVELOPE
FLUID FLOW IN OIL & GAS

PROCESS
(OFFSHORE)

PROCESS
WELL HEAD EXPORT GAS
(ONSHORE)

RESERVOIR
(SEA / LAND)
WELLHEAD
WELLHEAD X-MAS TREE
SUBSEA PRODUCTION WITH CPF
SUBSEA PRODUCTION AND LNG
SUBSEA PRODUTION AND CPF AND FPSO
OIL WELL AND FPSO
SUBSEA TO LAND
FPSO
TYPICAL PROCESSING UNIT
VALUE CHAIN OF OIL AND GAS
ONSHORE TERMINAL
FLUID FLOW - BASICS
• MASS , MOMENTUM AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

• PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPE

 FRICTIONAL
 ELEVATIONAL
 ACCELERATION

• CHANGE IN FLOW DIRECTION (ELBOW, TEE, REDCUCERS,BENDS)

 RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT IN EQUIVALENT LENGTH CALCULATION
Ki ∙ d
Li =
90° elbow (r=0.5D) K i = 30 ∙ fT fD
90° bend (r=1.5D) K i = 14 ∙ fT
90° bend (r=4D) K i = 14 ∙ fT
90° bend (r=6D) K i = 17 ∙ fT
45° elbow (r=0.5D) K i = 16 ∙ fT
45° bend (r=1.5D) K i = 7 ∙ fT

NPS 0.5” 0.75” 1” 1.5” 2” 3” 4” 6” 8-10” 12-14” >16”

fT 0.027 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012
FLUID FLOW – PIPING VS PIPELINE

• API-5L GRADE PIPE

• CALCULATED THICKNESS VS COMMERICIAL THICKNESS
FLUID FLOW - BASICS
• REYNOLDS NUMBER

DH ∙ V ∙ ρ
Re =
μ/1000
• MACH NUMBER
V
Ma =
Vsound

• FROUDE NUMBER
V
Fr =
g∙d

• VELOCITY VS PRESSURE DROP – API 14 E EROSINAL VELOCITY LIMIT

C
Ver =
ρ
FLUID FLOW – SINGLE PHASE FLOW CORRELATIONS
• DARCY EQUATION

ρ ∙ fD ∙ L ∙ V 2
∆P =
2 ∙ DH ∙ 105

 FRICTION FACTOR IS EXPRESSED BY THE COLEBROOK EQUATION

Material Absolute roughness, mm
Carbon steel, un-corroded 50
1 ε ∙ 10−6 2.51 Carbon steel, corroded 500
= −2 ∙ log10 + Stainless steel 50
fD 3.7 ∙ DH Re ∙ fD Duplex 50
GRP, GRE, PVC, polyethylene 5
Epoxy lined 5

• GRAVITY DRAINS – HAZEN WILLIAM / MANNING

FLUID FLOW – SINGLE PHASE FLOW

 NOISE LIMIT SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL– 85 dB

 ACOUSTIC INDUCED VIBRATIONS - SOUND POWER LEVEL – 155 dB

 LOW TEMPERATURE DUE TO J-T EFFECT

 SURGE PRESSURE – WATER HAMMER EFFECT

 INCREASE IN PRESSURE – VALVE CLOUSURE

 WAVE VELOCITY

 SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBON IN WATER

 GAS OR AIR POCKETS IN HIGH POINTS

MULTI PHASE FLOW - BASICS
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW

 SLIP EFFECTS

average UGas
SLIP = average ULiq

• SINGLE PHASE – GAS MULTIPHASE – G+C

FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW

 LIQUID HOLD-UP

Gas Flow Area (AG)

Liquid Flow Area (AL)

LIQUID HOLDUP = AL/(AG + AL)

• PHASE VELOCITY

Q = local volume flow rate

UG = QG/AG
UL = QL/AL

SUPERFICIAL PHASE VELOCITIES

AT = AG + AL
USG = QG/AT
USL = QL/AT
Mixture velocity UM = USL + USG
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
 FLOW REGIME

 GAS & LIQUID PROPERTY

 GAS & LIQUID VELOCITY

 ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF PIPE

 FOUR BASIC FLOW REGIMES

 SLUG FLOW

 STRAFIFED FLOW

 DISPERSED BUBBELE FLOW

 ANNULAR FLOW
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
 FRICTION BETWEEN THE GAS OR LIQUID AND THE PIPE WALL

 FRICTIONAL LOSSES AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE GAS AND LIQUID.

 FLOW REGIME - DISTRIBUTION OF LIQUID AND GAS IN THE PIPE CHANGES

FOR EACH REGIME.

• ELEVATION "LOSSES" - VERTICAL FLOW & FLOW THROUGH HILLY TERRAIN

• LIQUID HOLDUP - FLOW REGIME & OPERATING VARIABLES

• THE LIQUID MOVES MORE SLOWLY THAN THE GAS BECAUSE IT IS MORE
DENSE AND VISCOUS.
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
 THE LIQUID PHASE IS NORMALLY CARRIED THOUGH THE LINE BY DRAG FORCES
EXERTED BY THE GAS PHASE.

 IN UPWARD SLOPING SECTIONS OF THE PIPELINE THIS DRAG MUST OVERCOME

BOTH FRICTIONAL AND GRAVITATIONAL FORCES.

• SWEEP VELOCITY - INCREASE IN HOLDUP RAPIDLY DUE THE GAS VELOCITY IS

FURTHER LOWERED.
FLUID FLOW – MULTI PHASE FLOW
• FLOW RAMP-UP AND RAMP-DOWN

• PIPELINE PIGGING

SLUG CATCHER SIZING AND ONSHORE LIQUID PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS

EOS

• RK EOS
 GAS PHASE PROPERTIES ONLY
 LIQUID PROPERTIES NOT PREDICTED BETTER

• PR EOS
 GAS AND CONDENSATE
 DEVELOPED FOR NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS

• SRK EOS
 POLAR SYSTEMS

• PENELOUX VOLUME CORRECTION

 RECOMMENDAED FOR HEAVY OILS
MULTI PHASE FLOW – EOS & FLUID PROPERTIES
MULTI PHASE FLOW – FLOW CORRELATIONS
MULTI PHASE FLOW – FLOW CORRELATIONS
FLUID FLOW

 EROSIONAL VELOCITY DUE TO LIQUID IMPINGEMENT

 EROSION DUE TO SAND

 SAND LOAD

 GAS VELOCITY

 MATERIAL HARDNESS

 SAND PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE

 CHANGE IN FLOW DIRECTION

 IMPACT ANGLE

 CFD
 DNV-RP-O105 TOOL
FLUID FLOW

 EROSION MODELS - ANSYS

 FLUNET’S

 MCLAURY ET. AL EROSION MODEL

 SALAMA & VENKATESH

 FINNIE EROSION MODEL

 DNV EROSION MODEL

 OKA EROSION MODEL

MULTI PHASE FLOW – HYDRATES

• AN ICE-LIKE SOLID THAT FORMS WHEN

 SUFFICIENT WATER IS PRESENT

 HYDRATE FORMER IS PRESENT (C1, C2, AND C3)

 RIGHT COMBINATION OF P AND T

• CONTROL STRATEGY

 MAINTAINING TEMPERATURE ABOVE HYDRATE FORMATION CONDITIONS

(INSULATION, DEH, ETC)

 DECREASING THE PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE AREA OF POSSIBLE HYDRATE

FORMATION (FOR REMEDIATION)

 CONTINUOUS INJECTION OF CHEMICALS (THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC)

MEG AND METHANOL AND LDHI
MULTI PHASE FLOW – HYDRATES
MULTI PHASE FLOW – WAX

• PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS
 A SOLID PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBON WHICH PRECIPITATE FROM A
PRODUCED FLUID

 FORMS WHEN THE FLUID TEMPERATURE DROPS BELOW THE WAX

APPEARANCE TEMPERATURE (WAT)

 MELTS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE (20OF ABOVE THE WAT)

• CONTROL STRATEGY

 RATE OF DEPOSITION CAN BE PREDICTED TO CALCULATE PIGGING

FREQUENCY

 FLOWLINE INSULATION

 WAX INHIBITORS
SIMULATION SOFTWARES

TGNET TLNET OLGA PIPESIM PIPEPHASE ASPEN HYSYS

HYSYS UPSTREAM
UPSTREAM
+
DYNAMICS
STEADY STATE

TRANSIENT

GAS

LIQUID

MULTIPHASE

COMPLEX
EASE OF USE

STEADY STATE SIMULATORS, WHICH ASSUME THAT THE TEMPERATURES,

PRESSURES, FLOWRATES, AND LIQUID HOLDUP IN THE PIPELINE ARE
CONSTANT WITH TIME.
SIMULATION SOFTWARES - PIPESIM
SIMULATION SOFTWARES - PIPESIM
SIMULATION SOFTWARES - PIPESIM
SIMULATION SOFTWARES – PVTSIM
SIMULATION SOFTWARES – PVTSIM - ETHANE
SIMULATION SOFTWARES – PVTSIM - ETHANE
Q&A

THANK YOU
 STANDARDS AND CODES
API STD 521 GUIDE FOR PRESSURE-RELIEVING AND DEPRESSURING SYSTEMS

ASME B31.3 PROCESS PIPING

ASME B31.4 LIQUID PIPELINES

ASME B31.8 GAS PIPELINES

API RP 14E RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF

OFFSHORE PRODUCTION PLATFORM PIPING SYSTEMS
CRANE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS AND PIPE
GPSA ENGINEERING DATA BOOK
ENERGY INSTITUTE GUIDELINES FOR AVOIDANCE OF VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE
FAILURE IN PROCESS PIPING AND CFD
DNV-RP-0501 SAND MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

NIST WEB BOOK NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

DNV-OS-F101 OFFSHORE STANDARD FOR SUBMARINE PIPELINE SYSTEMS

Ken E. Arnold SURFACE PRODUCTION OPERATIONS – Design of Oil-Handling

Systems and Facilities , Gas handling Systems and piping
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