VENTILATION

AND
LUNG VOLUMES
 VENTILATION
(BREATHING)
• Is the process of moving air into and out of
the lungs.

• The air moves through the passages because

of pressure gradients that are produced by
contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic
muscles.
 2 PHASES OF VENTILATION
1.) INSPIRATION

 Is the movement of air

INTO the lungs.
 Active phase of
Ventilation.
 During inspiration,
diaphragm contracts
and the thoracic cavity
increases in volume.
 2.) EXPIRATION

 Is the movement of air OUT

of the lungs.

 During expiration, the

relaxation of the diaphragm
and elastic recoil of tissue
decreases the thoracic
volume and increases the
intraalveolar pressure.
CHANGING THORACIC
VOLUMES
 PRESSURE CHANGES
AND AIRFLOW
 1.) CHANGES IN VOLUME RESULT IN CHANGES IN
PRESSURE.

- As the volume of a container increases, the pressure

within the container decreases. As the volume of a
container decreases, the pressure within the container
decreases

The muscles of respiration change the thoracic volume

therefore pressure within the thoracic cavity.
2.) AIR FLOWS FROM AREAS OF HIGHER TO LOWER PRESSURE.

- If the pressure is higher at one end of a tube than at

other, air or fluid flows from the area of higher pressure

toward the area of lower pressure.

The greater the pressure difference, the greater the rate

of airflow.
ALVEOLAR PRESSURE CHANGES DURING
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
 LUNG RECOIL
 Is the tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size.

 It occurs for two reason:

1.) Elastic fibers in the connective tissue of lungs.

2.) Surface tension of fluids that lines the alveoli.

 SURFACE TENSION
 Is a measure of the strength of the water surface film that
reflects the strong intramolecular H-bond-driven cohesive
forces of water.

 An attractive force created by chemical bonds between

water molecules at a water’s surface.

 It contributes to differences in the shape of the pressure

volume curve during expansion and deflation. A major
portion of the pressure required to expand the lungs is
used to overcome the inward recoil forces that result from
surface tension.
SURFACE TENSION
 SURFACTANT
 Is a mixture of lipoprotein
molecules produced by
secretory cells of the alveolar
epithelium.

 Surfactant reduces the

surface tension of fluid in the
lungs and helps make the
small air sacs (alveoli) in the
lungs more stable. This keeps
them from collapsing when an
individual exhales.
 PLEURAL PRESSURE
 When pleural pressure (pressure in the pleural cavity) is less
or lower than alveolar pressure, the alveoli tend to expand.

Ex: “The balloon expands when the pressure outside it, is

less than the pressure inside. This pressure difference

normally achieved by increasing the pressure inside the

balloon when a person forcefully blown into it. The lower the

pressure outside the balloon, the greater the tendency for the

higher pressure inside the balloon to expand.

 Pleural pressure is lower than alveolar pressure because
of a “suction effect” caused by fluid removal by lymphatic
system and lung recoil.

 Normally the lungs do not pull away from the thoracic wall
because pleural fluid holds the visceral and parietal
pleurae together.

 If the pleural pressure is not low enough to overcome lung

recoil, then the alveoli collapse.
 CHANGING OF ALVEOLAR
VOLUME
- Result in the changes in alveolar pressure that is

responsible for ventilation.

 Alveolar volume changes result from changes in pleural

pressure. Example: During inspiration, pleural pressure

decreases and alveoli expand.

1.) Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity results in a

decrease in pleural pressure because of the effect of changing

volume on pressure. (500 milliliters)

2.) As the lungs expands, lung recoil increases, that results in an
increased suction effect and a lowering of pleural pressure. ( About
300ml )

SUMMARIZATION OF INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

1.) During inspiration, pleural pressure decreases because of

increased thoracic volume and increased lung recoil. (As pleural

pressure decreases, alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure

decreases, and air flows into the lungs. )

2.) During expiration , pleural pressure increases because of

decreased thoracic volume and decreased lung recoil. (As pleural

pressure increases, alveolar volume decreases, alveolar pressure

increases, and air flows out of the lungs.)

 PULMONARY VOLUMES
AND CAPACITIES
 SPIROMETRY
- Is a powerful tool that is
used to detect, follow, and
manage patients with a
multitude of pulmonary
and chest disorders. A
process of measuring
volumes of air that move
into and out of the
respiratory system.
 SPIROMETER
- An apparatus for

measuring the volume

air inspired and expired

by the lungs. It

measures ventilation,

the movement of air into

and out of the lungs.

 4 PULMONARY VOLUMES
1.) TIDAL VOLUME
- Volume of air
inspired or expired with
each breath. It increases
when a person is more
active , because the
volume of respiratory
system does not change
from moment to
moment.
2.) INSPIRATORY
RESERVE VOLUME
- The amount of extra
air inhaled (above tidal
volume ) during a deep
breathe. (about 300ml)
3.) EXPIRATORY 4.) RESIDUAL VOLUME
RESERVE VOLUME

- - Volume of air still

- Amount of air that
remaining in the
can be expired forcefully
respiratory passages and
after expiration of the
lungs after a maximum
resting tidal volume
expiration.
(about 100ml).
- (about 1200ml)
SPIROMETER, LUNG VOLUMES,
AND LUNG CAPACITIES
PULMONARY CAPACITY
- Sum of two or more pulmonary volumes.

1.) FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY

- Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of
a normal expiration. (about 2300ml at rest)

2.) INSPIRATORY CAPACITY

- Amount of air that a person can inspire maximally
after a normal expiration. (about 3500ml at rest)
3.) VITAL CAPACITY
- Maximum volume of air that a person can expel
from his respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration
(about 4600ml )

4.) TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

- Sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserves and
the tidal and residual volume (about 5800ml). The total
lung capacity is also equal to the vital capacity plus the
residual volume.
 FORCED EXPIRATORY VITAL CAPACITY

- Rate at which lung volume changes during direct

measurements of the vital capacity and is the simple

and clinically important pulmonary test.

THANK
YOU….