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SMILE


ALWAYS

R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
CRITICAL THINKING
It is a disciplined thinking
that is clear, rational,
open-minded, and informed
by evidence.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
In making rational choices,
we suspend beliefs and
judgment until all facts have
been gathered and
considered.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Critical thinking helps us
uncover bias and prejudice
and open to new ideas not
necessarily in agreement
with previous thoughts.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
TWO BASIC TYPES
OF REASONING

R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)


R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
FALLACY
is a misconception resulting
from incorrect reasoning.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Fallacy is a defect in an argument
other than its having false premises.
To detect fallacies, it is required to
examine the argument’s content.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
USUAL COMMITTED
ERRORS IN
REASONING
WHICH CAUSES
FALSE
CONCLUSIONS OR
DISTORTING THE
TRUTH.

R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)


APPEAL TO PITY
(Argumentum ad misericordiam)
Ok,
you’re
right!

A specific kind of appeal to emotion


in which someone tries to win
support for an argument or idea by
exploiting his or her opponent’s
feelings of pity or guilt.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Convincing an individual to accept a
conclusion by making them feel sorry for
someone.
We should hire him because he is
from broken family.
EQUIVOCATION

Human beings have hands; the clock has hands.

This is a logical chain of reasoning


of a term or a word several times,
but giving the particular word a
different meaning each time.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
To slide between two or more different
meanings of a word or phrase that is critical to
the argument.
(1) The church would like to encourage theism.
(2) Theism is a medical condition resulting from the
excessive consumption of tea.
(3) Therefore, the church ought to freely distribute
tea.
AGAINST THE PERSON
(Argumentum ad hominem)

This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a


premise to a character of belief of the person
advocating the premise however, in some
instances, questions of personal conduct,
character, motive, etc. are legitimate if relevant
to the issue.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Attacking the opponent instead
of the opponent’s argument
We shouldn’t believe in him because
his father is a corrupt government
official.
FALSE CAUSE
(post hoc)

This fallacy refers to as


coincidental correlation or
correlation not causation.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
After this, because of this

Ever since you bought that sweater


everything has been going wrong in
your life.
HASTY GENERALIZATION

One commits errors if one


reaches an inductive
generalization based on
insufficient evidences.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Making an assumption about an entire group of people, or
a range of cases based on an inadequate small sample.

(1) My friend from Dagupan loves pork


belly.
(2) Therefore, all people from Dagupan
must love pork belly.
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
(Argumentum ad ignorantiam)

Do I really
exist?

Whatever has not been


proven false/ untrue must be
true and vice versa.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Because there is no conclusive evidence, we should
therefore accept the arguer’s conclusion on the subject.

No one has shown that ghosts are


not real. So they must be real.
Identify!
1. I know the exam is graded based on my performance
but you should give me an A. My cat has been sick,
my car broke down and I’ve had a cold. (Argumentum
ad misericordiam)
2. All trees have barks. Every dog barks. Therefore, every
dog is a tree. (Equivocation)
3. A person is walking through as town and he meets a
few polite kids, seeing that, he concludes that all kids
in the town are polite. (Hasty Generalization)
4. After my son had his vaccine, he developed autism.
Therefore, the vaccine caused autism. (Post hoc)
APPEAL TO FORCE
(Argumentum ad baculum)

An argument where force,


coercion or the threat of force is
given as a justification of
conclusion.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE
(Argumentum ad populum)

An argument that appeals or


exploits people’s vanities,
desires for esteem and
anchoring on popularity.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
BEGGING THE QUESTION
(petitio principii)

This is a type of fallacy in


which proposition to be proven
is assumed implicitly or
explicitly in the premise.
R.A. 8293- Chapter VIII, Sec. 184-185 (No Copyright Infringement)
Examples
• Smoking cigarettes can kill you because
cigarettes are deadly.

• Fruit and vegetable are part of a healthy diet.


Ater all, a healthy diet includes fruits and
vegetables.

• Killing people is wrong, so the death penalty is


wrong.
Phenomenology
- Founded by Edward Husserl
- The truth is based on the person’s consciousness
- Focuses on careful instruction and description of
phenomena or appearances, defines as any object of
conscious experience, that is, that which we are conscious
of.
- The word phenomenon comes directly from the Greek tem
(phainomenon) meaning appearance
Existentialism: On Freedom
1. Human condition or relation of individual to the world.
2. Human response to that condition
3. Being, especially difference between the being of person
and being the other kind of things
4. Human freedom
5. Significance of choice and decision in the absence of
certainty
6. Concreteness and subjectivity of life as lived against
abstractions and false objectifications.
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graduation!!!! ^_^

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