AC Circuits Upto Parallel

AC Circuits
Dr. Dhiraj B Shah

AC Circuits
Today, a “grid” of AC electrical
distribution systems spans the
all countries. Any device that
plugs into an electric outlet uses
an AC circuit. In this semester,
you will learn some of the basic
techniques for analyzing AC
circuits.
Chapter Goal: To understand
and apply basic techniques of
AC circuit analysis.
Syllabus
• AC through inductance, capacitance and resistance in
series, or the LCR series circuit (22.11),
• Series resonant circuit (22.13),
• Parallel or branched ac circuit (22.14)
• AC bridge (22.23),
• Measurement of an inductance (22.24),
• Measurement of capacity de Sauty’s method (22.25),
• Schering bridge for measuring capacitance (22.26),
• measurement of frequency of an AC supply (22.27)
Reference book
• Fundamentals of magnetism & electricity D N Vasudeva
AC Vs DC
A.C through inductance, capacitance and
resistance in series
• For the resistance:- voltage and current both

are in phase
• Condenser:- applied e.m.f lags the current by

π/2 or the current leads to applied e.m.f by π/2.
• Inductor:- current lags applied e.m.f by π/2 or

applied e.m.f leads the current by π/2.
Resistive Loads in AC Circuits
Ohm’s Law:
V Vrms
I I rms 
R R
Vt  V0 sin 2ft 
I t   sin 2ft   I 0 sin 2ft 

Vt V0
R R
R is constant – does not depend on frequency
No phase difference between V and I
Capacitive Reactance
At the moment a capacitor is connected to a
voltage source:
I0
+
+
V C V=0
- -
Current is at its maximum

Voltage across capacitor is zero
After some time ‘t’, the capacitor is charged:
+
+
V C V
- -
Current is zero
Voltage is at its maximum (= supply voltage)
Now, we reverse the polarity of the applied voltage:
I
+
-
+
V -
C V
+ -
Current is at its maximum (but reversed)

Voltage hasn’t changed yet
Time passes; the capacitor becomes fully charged:
- - -
V C V
+ + +
Current is zero
Voltage has reversed to match the applied polarity
E  E 0 sin t
Q
E
C
Q
E   E 0 sin t
C
Q  CE0 sin t
dQ d (CE0 sin t )
I   CE 0 cos t
dt dt
E0 E0 
I cos t  sin( t  )
1 1 2
C C
Apply an AC voltage source:
I(t) = I0sin(2ft+/2)
V(t) = V0sin(2ft)
-
C
+
An AC current is present in the circuit

A 90° phase difference is found between the
voltage and the current
We want to find a relationship between the voltage
and the current that we can use like Ohm’s Law
for an AC circuit with a capacitive load:
Vrms  I rms  X C
We call XC the capacitive reactance, and calculate it
as: 1
XC 
2fC
units of capacitive reactance: ohms (W)
A particular example:
V0 = 50 V
f = 100 Hz - C = 750 mF
1 1
XC    2.12 W
2fC 2  100 Hz  7.5  10 F
-4
voltage vs. time
50
40 Vt  V0 sin 2ft 
30
20
10
voltage, V
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
time, s
Voltage and Current vs. Time Vt  V0 sin2ft
 
50
It  I0 sin 2ft  
 2
40
30
20
voltage, current (V, A)
10
voltage
0
current
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
time, s
Voltage, Current, and Power vs Time Vt  V0 sin 2ft 
 
60 I t  I 0 sin  2 ft  
 2
Pt  Vt I t
40
voltage, current, power (V, A, 10W)
20
voltage
0 current
power
-20
-40
-60
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
time, s
Power is zero each time either the voltage or current
is zero
Power is positive whenever V and I have the same
sign
Power is negative whenever V and I have opposite
signs
Power spends equal amounts of time being negative
and positive
Average power over time: zero
The larger the capacitance, the smaller the capacitive
reactance
As frequency decreases, reactance increases X C  
high frequency: capacitor is a “short circuit”

and X C  0
1
XC 
2fC
Phasor Diagrams
Consider a vector which rotates
counterclockwise with an angular speed
:
  2f V
V0 sin(2ft)
V0
t=2ft
This vector is called
a “phasor.” It is a
visualization tool.
Phasor Diagrams
For a resistive load: the current is always
proportional to the voltage
V, I
V0 sin(2ft)
V0 voltage phasor
I0 sin(2ft)
I0 = V0 / R t=2ft
current phasor
Phasor Diagrams
For a capacitive load: the current “leads” the
voltage by /2 (or 90°)
V, I
current phasor I0 sin(2ft + /2)
voltage phasor
V0 sin(2ft)
t=2ft
Inductive Reactance
A coil or inductor also acts as a reactive load in
an AC circuit.
AC
Inductive Reactance
For a coil with a self-inductance L:
I
EMF   L
t
AC
Inductive Reactance
As the current increases through zero, its time
rate of change is a maximum – and so is the
induced EMF
I
EMF   L
t
AC
Inductive Reactance
As the current reaches its maximum value, its
rate of change decreases to zero – and so does
the induced EMF
I
EMF   L
t
AC
Inductive Reactance
E  E 0 sin t
dI
back emf  L
dt
dI
L  E 0 sin t
dt
dI E 0
 sin t
dt L
E0
I  cos t  A
L
E0 E0 
I  cos t  sin( t  )
L L 2

I  I 0 sin( t  )
2
Inductive Reactance
The voltage “leads” the current in the inductor
by /2 (or 90°)
I
EMF   L
t
AC
Inductive Reactance
The inductive reactance is the Ohm’s Law
constant of proportionality:
Vrms  I rms X L
AC
X L  2fL
units of inductive reactance:

ohms (W)
Inductive Reactance
The voltage-current relationship in an inductive
load in an AC circuit can be represented by a
phasor diagram: V, I
voltage phasor
V0 sin(2ft)
t=2ft
current phasor
I0 sin(2ft - /2)
Inductive Reactance
Mnemonic for remembering what leads what:
“ELI the ICEman”

EMF (voltage) EMF (voltage)
inductor (L) current (I)
capacitor (C)
current (I)
Inductive Reactance
X L  2fL
 Larger inductance: larger reactance (more induced EMF
to oppose the applied AC voltage)
 Higher frequency: larger impedance (higher frequency

means higher time rate of change of current, which means
more induced EMF to oppose the applied AC voltage)
A.C through inductance and
I  I 0 sin t
dI
emf   L Where
dt L
dI sin  
EL R 2   2 L2
V dt
I  cos  
R
R R R 2   2 L2
dI L
I  I 0 sin t   I 0 cos t tan  
dt R
E  I 0 R sin t  LI 0 cos t
 R L 
E  I0 R  L 
2 2 2
sin t  cos t 
 R  L R 2   2 L2 
2 2 2
 R L 
E  I0 R   L 
2 2 2
sin t  cos t 
 R  L R  L 
2 2 2 2 2 2
E  I 0 R   L sin  sin t  cos  cos t 

2 2 2
E  I 0 R   L sin( t   )
2 2 2
E  E0 sin( t   )
I  I 0 sin t
A.C through capacitance and
Q
E  IR 
C
I  I 0 sin t
dQ
I  I 0 sin t
dt
cos t
Q  I 0  sin tdt   I 0

Q cos t
E  IR   I 0 R sin t  I 0
C C
1
E  I 0 R  2 2 sin( t   )
2
 C
Where
Q cos t 1
E  IR   I 0 R sin t  I 0
sin   c
C C
1
1 R  2 2
2
E  I 0 R  2 2 sin( t   )
2
 C
 C
R
cos  
1
R  2 2
2
 C
1
tan   c
R
A.C through inductance, capacitance
and resistance in series
• For the resistance:- voltage and current both
are in phase
• Condenser:- applied e.m.f lags the current by

π/2 or the current leads to applied e.m.f by π/2.
• Inductor:- current lags applied e.m.f by π/2 or

applied e.m.f leads the current by π/2.
• Circuit diagram of R, L and C in series
Individual Voltage vectors
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝐼0 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
𝜔𝐶 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
2 2
• Let 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 be the current at any instant
in the circuit
• VR, VL, and VC be the voltage drop across R,C,
and L.
𝐼0 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
𝜔𝐶 2 2
𝐼0 𝜋 𝐼0 𝜋
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − − 𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐶 2 𝜔𝐶 2
𝐼0
𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐶
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
2 2
𝜋
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
2

𝐼0
𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐶
𝜋
𝑉𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 )
2
𝐸 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝐿
𝐼0
𝐸 = 𝑅𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝐿𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝑐
1
𝐸 = 𝑅𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝐼0 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐶
2
2
1
𝐸 = 𝐼0 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
𝜔𝐶
1 2
𝐸 = 𝐼0 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) -------(1)
𝜔𝐶
1
𝑅 𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶
• Where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 =
1
, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 =
1
𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 )2 𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 )2
1
𝑅 𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = , 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜑 =
1 2 1
𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − ) 𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 )2
𝜔𝐶
1
𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 𝑋𝐿𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 = = ,
𝑅 𝑅
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑋𝐿𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅 𝑅 1 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = ,= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍 = 𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿 − )
1 𝑍 𝜔𝐶
𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 )2
1 2
𝐸 = 𝐼0 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) -------(1)
𝜔𝐶
• Equation shows that the e.m.f leads the current by φ

• When (ωt+φ) = 900, E is maximum = E0
2
2
1
𝐸0 = 𝐼0 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶
𝐸0 = 𝐼0 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2 , = 𝐼0 𝑍
• I0 is the amplitude of the current

𝐸0 = 𝐼0 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2 , = 𝐼0 𝑍 1
𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 𝑋𝐿𝐶
𝐸0 𝐸0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 = = ,
𝐼0 = = 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 2 + 𝑋 𝐿 −𝑋 𝐶 2 𝑍
• Where Z is measured in ohms, when L is in henries, C is in

Farad and R is in Ohms.
• If, ωL >> 1/ωC, then φ is positive and e.m.f. leads the
current or current lags behind the applied e.m.f.
• If, ωL << 1/ωC, then φ is negative and e.m.f. lags behind
the current or current leads the applied e.m.f.
𝑅
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 = , 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡.
1 2
𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − )
𝜔𝐶
𝑅
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑 =
1 2
𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − )
𝜔𝐶
• If, ωL=1/ωC, then φ = 0;

• Then e.m.f. and current both are in phase with each
other and maximum current will flow through the
circuit or the circuit will be in resonance with the
applied voltage.
• At resonance, the power factor is unity, while if the
circuit contains no resistance then power factor is
zero.
AC Sources and Phasors
An oscillating emf can be represented as graph or a phasor diagram
AC Circuits - Resistors
AC Circuits - Capacitors
Inductive Reactance
Phasor Diagram RLC circuit
• The phasor diagram of series RLC circuit is drawn by
combining the phasor diagram of resistor, inductor and
capacitor.
• Step - I. In case of series RLC circuit; resistor, capacitor and

inductor are connected in series; so, the current flowing in all
the elements are same i.e Ir = Il = Ic = I. For drawing the
phasor diagram, take current phasor as reference and draw it
on horizontal axis.
• Step - II. In case of resistor, both voltage and current are in

same phase. So draw the voltage phasor, VR along same axis
or direction as that of current phasor i.e VR is in phase with I.
• Step - III. In inductor, voltage leads current by
90° so draw Vl (voltage drop across inductor)
perpendicular to current phasor in leading
direction.
• Step - IV. In case of capacitor, the voltage lags
behind the current by 90° so draw Vc (voltage
drop across capacitor) perpendicular to
current phasor in downwards direction.
• Step - V. For drawing the resultant diagram,
draw Vc in upwards direction and draw
resultant, Vs which is vector sum of voltage Vr
and VL - VC.
Variation in Resistance, Reactance
and Impedance with Frequency
• Electrical resistance -
Resistance is independent of
frequency, so it remains
constant with change in
frequency.
• Inductive reactance, XL - We
know that XL = 2πfL so,
inductive reactance varies
directly with frequency. So Capacitive reactance, XC - From the
the graph between frequency formula of capacitive reactance, XC = 1/
and inductive reactance is a 2πfC so, capacitive reactance varies
straight line passing through inversely with frequency. Since the net
the centre as shown by curve reactance is (XL - XC). So for drawing curve
a. of (XL - XC), firstly draw the graph of (-XC)
•The total impedance of circuit is which is shown by curve b and then draw a
shown by curve d which is obtained by curve for net reactance which is shown as
adding constant resistor value to the curve c.
net reactance.
Series Resonant Circuit
• The equation of the impedance of the circuit
1 2
𝑍= 𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿 − )
𝜔𝐶
• From the equation it is obvious that Z is minimum

if ωL = 1/ωC.
• For the given value of frequency of the external
e.m.f., it is possible adjust L and C such that above
condition is satisfied.
• Under such condition, the amplitude of the current
oscillations is maximum is said to be in resonance.
• If it is possible to vary the frequency, keeping L
and C fixed, then the condition for resonance
requires that The value of the frequency of
• ωL = 1/ωC applied e.m.f. for which ωL =
1/ωC is called the resonant
• or ω2 = 1/LC frequency.
• Since ω = 2πf, It shows that resonant
frequency is independent of
• We get resister and determined by the
1 product of L and C
𝑓=
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
• At resonant, it is easy to see that the
impedance Z of the circuit reduces the value
of resistor R at resonance as ωL = 1/ωC.
• Thus at resonance, the circuit is found by use
of the simple form of Ohm’s law.
• I = V/R ( At resonance).
• At resonance, the alternating potential
difference across L and C are equal and 1800
out of phase or anti phase and the current
and applied e.m.f. are in phase.
XL = ωL
At resonance, the alternating
potential difference across L and C
Z=R are equal and 1800 out of phase or
antiphase and the current and
applied e.m.f. are in phase.
XC = 1/ωC
• The ratio of voltage across inductance or condenser to the
voltage across resistance or applied voltage at resonance is
called the Q or voltage magnification factor of the series
circuit.
– Higher Q indicates a lower rate of energy loss relative to the
stored energy of the resonator; the oscillations die out more
slowly.
– A pendulum suspended from a high-quality bearing, oscillating
in air, has a high Q, while a pendulum immersed in oil has a low
one.
• Q is also called merit or selectivity.
• VL= XL. Irms = ωL Irms
• Voltage magnification factor
LI r .m.s. XC L
Q or ( )  tan 
RI r .m.s. R R
LI r .m.s. XC L
Q or ( )  tan 
RI r .m.s. R R
• Where φ is the phase angle between current

and potential across L or C.
• A high Q circuit has low resistance, low
fractional energy loss per cycle and sharper
the resonance curve.
• The sharpness of curve is measured by its half
width.
• Frequency f1 and f2 at which the current I are
reduced to 70% of the resonant frequency is called
half power frequencies.
• Separation of half power points (f1-f2) is called the

band width of the circuit.
• A circuit which posses a very narrow band of

frequencies is said to be more selective, and smaller
the resistance R, the narrow is the band width.
• A series LCR circuit across the supply will give
maximum current or maximum response for only
that component of supply which has frequency at
provided the resistance R is very low.
1
f 
2 LC
• A series resonant circuit called as acceptor circuit.
• If R=0, the impedance becomes zero at the
resonant frequency and current in the circuit is
maximum.
• A series L, C, R circuit is frequently used in a
radio circuit to obtain large alternating voltages.
• Example: L, C, R series circuit in which L=100μH,
R = 5Ω ,C = 0.002 μF, and voltage of 0.1 volt is
applied at resonance frequency f0, then
calculate voltage across condenser at resonant
frequency.
1 1
f    0.36 *10 6 c.p.s or Hz
2 LC 100 0.002
2 * 3.14 * 6
*
10 10 6
• The current in the circuit at resonant
frequency = V/R= 0.1/5 = 0.02 amp.
• Voltage across the condenser C = I*Xc= I*1/ωC
= I/2πfc
• =0.2/(0.9*106*0.0002*10-6)
• =20 volts
• Thus at the resonance frequency, the applied
voltage across L and C is equal and opposite
but 200 times the applied voltage.
• A resonant circuit is capable of magnifying the
applied voltage.
• This LCR series circuit used in radio circuits
which, when tuned to resonant frequency, can
provide alternating voltage of greater
magnitude then the applied voltage across the
L or C.
Example
• Find the natural frequency of a circuit
containing induction of 50μH and a capacity of
0.0005 μF. To what wavelength will it respond
or be in tune?
1 1
f    1.007 *106 c. p.s
2 LC 50 0.0005
2 * 3.14 * 6
*
10 106
• Wavelength = C/f
Example
• A coil of 200 millihenry (mH) and negligible
resistance is in which f=1000Hz. Calculate the
voltage across the coil if an effective current of
5 mA is flowing.
• Inductive reactance (XL)= ωL = 2πfL
• XL = 2*3.14*1000*0.2 = 1256 Ω
E
 R  XL
I
5
E  IX L  * 1256  6.28volts
1000
Example
• A capacitor of capacitance 2μF is in an A.C
circuit of frequency f=1000Hz. If the r.m.s
value of the applied e.m.f. is 10 volt, calculate
the effective current flowing in the circuit.
1 1
XC  
C 2fC
1
XC  6
 79.5W
2 *10 * 2 * 3.14 *1000
E E 10
I    0.126 A.
R Xc 79.5
Example
Resistance of 10 ohm is joined in series with an inductance of 0.5 henry.
What capacitance should be put in series with the combination to obtain
maximum current? What will be potential difference across the resistance,
inductance and capacitance? The current is being supplied by a 200 volt and
50 cycle A.C mains.
Impedance in the series LCR circuit is given by
1 2
𝑍= 𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿 − )
𝜔𝐶
1 1
The current will be maximum when the term 𝜔𝐿 − = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜔𝐿 =
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
11 6
C 2   20. 29 * 10 farad .
 L (2f ) L
2
Example continue
• Impedance Z in this case is R
• Maximum current I = E/R = 200/10 =20 A.
• Potential difference across R = 20*10 = 200 Volt
• Potential difference across L = IωL
=20*2*3.14*50*0.5=3140 volt
• Potential difference across C = I/(ωC)
6
• 20/(2*3.14*50* 20 . 29 * 10 ) = 3140 volt
Example
• A series circuit comprises an inductance of
200μH, a capacitance of 0.0005 μF and a
resistance of 10 Ω. Find the resonant
frequency and the voltage magnification of
this circuit when tuned to resonance
Example
• A series LCR circuit with L = 0.12 H, C=480nF,
R= 23Ω is connected to 230V variable
frequency supply.
• A) What is the source frequency for which
current amplitude is maximum. Obtain this
maximum value.
• B)What is the Q-factor of the given circuit?
L
Q  tan 
R
Parallel or branched A.C. circuit
• In the series arrangement, the current is same
at all points in the circuit.
• In the parallel circuit, the current in each
branch is determined by the reactance of that
particular branch.
• The total current supplied by the source of
e.m.f. will be the vector sum of the currents in
the different branches.
• In the above parallel RLC circuit, we can see that
the supply voltage, VS is common to all three
components while the supply current IS consists
of three parts.
– The current flowing through the resistor, IR,
– the current flowing through the inductor, IL and
– the current through the capacitor, IC.
• But the current flowing through each branch and
therefore each component will be different to
each other and to the supply current, IS.
I  I R  I L  IC
• Neglecting the ohmic resistance in L and C
branches,
E E
IR  , IL  , I C  CE
R L
• I L lags the applied emf E by 900, and I C leads
the applied voltage by 900, and the current
through L will be oppositely directed to C, while
current through R will be in phase with E.
• If OM and OF represents M
current through C and L, the
resultant is represented by
OB, where MD=OF, and this
combined with IR gives OB as
resultant current supplied by
the source.
• The magnitude of I is
I  I R  (I C  I L )
2 2
1 1 2
IE  (C  ) Assuming Ic > IL
R 2
L
1 1 2
IE  (C  )
R 2
L
• Since the impedance Z of the circuit = emf/current
1
Z
1 1 2
 (C  )
R 2
L
• The denominator in the above equation is called
admittance and expressed as Y=1/Z.
• The reactive part of admittance , i.e., (C  1 ) is called
1 L
susceptance. Cand L are called capacitive and
inductive susceptance respectively.
• For an inductive branch, the susceptance is
considered negative,
• while for the capacitive branch it is considered
positive.
• These are measured in mhos.
• Special cases:
– (a) if C is absent, i.e., if resistance and inductance are
placed in parallel, then
1
Z
1
, and Z
1 1 2
1

1  (C  )
R 2
L
R 2  2 L2
1 1
IE  2 2
R 2
 L
– and resultant OB will be below OA, i.e.
I will lag behind the applied emf E by φ
given by IL R
tan   
IR L
• If L is absent, i.e., if resistance and capacitance
are placed in parallel, then
1 1
Z Z
1 1 1 2
  2 2
C  (C  )
R 2
R 2
L
1
IE 2
  2 2
C
R
and resultant OB will be above OA, i.e. I will

leads the applied emf E by φ given by
Ic
tan    RC
IR
• When C and L are in parallel, the current Ic leads
applied emf by 900 and the current ILR in the coil
lags by φ on applied emf.
• The resultant current is given by OA and the
phase angle between I and E can be obtain by
vector method shown in the figure.
Parallel Resonance
• Since IL decreases and IC increases with increase
in the frequency, then at some particular
frequency the current in the inductive branch of a
parallel circuit will equal to the current in the
E E
capacitive branch, IR  , IL  , I C  CE
R L
• i.e., IL=IC but opposite directed. In this condition
current from the source of emf is minimum and
equal to I and would be in phase with the applied
emf.
• Under this condition the parallel circuit is said to
be in resonance with the supply voltage.
I  I R  (I C  I L ) 2
2
Parallel Resonance
• At resonance in series circuit,
– The inductive and capacitive voltages are equal and
opposite 1
Z
1 1 2
• While in parallel resonance  (C  )
R 2
L
– The inductive and capacitive currents are equal and
opposite.
1
• This parallel resonance happens when C  L
1
or f  2 LC , and I = 0, so that circuit behaves
as perfect chock for the A.C.
Parallel Resonance
• The frequency response curve
of a parallel resonance circuit
shows that the magnitude of
the current is a function of
frequency. The response starts
at its maximum value, reaches
its minimum value at the
resonance frequency
when IMIN = IR and then
increases again to maximum
as ƒ becomes infinite.
• A parallel resonance circuit is
capable of resonance and as it
rejects flow of current in it, it
some time called rejecter circuit E E
or oscillatory circuit. IR  , IL  , I C  CE
R L
Things you need to know about LCR
Parallel Circuits.
• AT RESONANCE (ƒr) Impedance (Z) is at maximum
and is called the Dynamic Resistance (RD)
• AT RESONANCE (ƒr) Circuit current (IS) is at a

minimum.
• AT RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is entirely resistive.
• BELOW RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is inductive.
• ABOVE RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is capacitive

AC Circuits Upto Parallel

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AC Circuits Upto Parallel

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AC Circuits

Dr. Dhiraj B Shah

• For the resistance:- voltage and current both

• Condenser:- applied e.m.f lags the current by

• Inductor:- current lags applied e.m.f by π/2 or

I t   sin 2ft   I 0 sin 2ft 

Current is at its maximum

Current is at its maximum (but reversed)

An AC current is present in the circuit

As frequency decreases, reactance increases X C  

high frequency: capacitor is a “short circuit”

current phasor I0 sin(2ft + /2)

units of inductive reactance:

“ELI the ICEman”

inductor (L) current (I)

 Higher frequency: larger impedance (higher frequency

E  I 0 R   L sin  sin t  cos  cos t 

• Condenser:- applied e.m.f lags the current by

• Inductor:- current lags applied e.m.f by π/2 or

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)

• Equation shows that the e.m.f leads the current by φ

• I0 is the amplitude of the current

• Where Z is measured in ohms, when L is in henries, C is in

• If, ωL=1/ωC, then φ = 0;

• Step - I. In case of series RLC circuit; resistor, capacitor and

• Step - II. In case of resistor, both voltage and current are in

• From the equation it is obvious that Z is minimum

• Where φ is the phase angle between current

• Separation of half power points (f1-f2) is called the

• A circuit which posses a very narrow band of

and resultant OB will be above OA, i.e. I will

• AT RESONANCE (ƒr) Circuit current (IS) is at a

• AT RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is entirely resistive.

• BELOW RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is inductive.

• ABOVE RESONANCE (ƒr) The circuit is capacitive

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