Physics 1102 Lab

First Day
 Role Check
Check Role

If you do not belong in my class I will inform Dr. Maric to make adjustment.

Extra wanting to be in class? Give me PS# and I will notify Dr. Maric.

Please check if you are in the right room and class.

Johnathan Sanderson

josanderson@uh.edu
 Dr. Wood

lwood@Central.uh.edu

SR1 Room 512

 Dr. Maric

smaric@Central.uh.edu

SR1 Room 512

Cell: 650-275-2352
Office: 713-743-8420
 Youtube Channel

UH Physics Laboratory

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo8616Eoz
PEnFbYfMOFlgkg
 Twitter Account

@UHPhysLabs

https://twitter.com/UHPhysLabs
 Web Page

http://www.uh.edu/~lwood/
 Learning Center

SR1 Room 526

https://www.uh.edu/nsm/physics/undergraduate
/tutoring/
 Grading Rules
40% Laboratory Experiments
10% Pre-Labs
20% Quizzes
30% Final Exam
 Grading Rules
The final examination will consist of the following: 5 problems each worth 20
points, one of which will be over an experiment on which you have already
been quizzed and 4 problems over experiments on which you have not yet
been quizzed.
The final examination is scheduled at the same time and at the same
location as your regular laboratory meeting.
Please note that the last day of the laboratory final examinations is the day
before the Thanksgiving break, November 26, 2019.
Since you know the time of your final examination early in the semester,
please do not schedule other functions during this time.
Missing the final examination will most assuredly lower your grade
substantially.
 Grading Rules
At the end of the course, one of the lowest lab report, quiz, and pre-lab
scores will be replaced by your appropriately scaled final exam score.
We will only do the replacement if the appropriately scaled final is higher
than your lowest scores for each item.
Your scores then will be arranged from the highest score to the lowest score,
and letter grades are assigned using the best breaks in the distribution.
The average letter grade is in the B- range.
Since we will replace one lowest lab, quiz and pre-lab with appropriately
scaled final exam grade averages may shift up by a couple of points.
 Extras
Students are responsible for reading the Regulations for Students and following
the Laboratory Schedule on Blackboard.
Look at practice problems on Blackboard for the quizzes and final test preparation;
they should practice additional problems as well.

Pre-Labs are due today, however first week can turn in next time.

Must have lab notebook for next time.

Allowed to answer Experiment questions before experiment.

Quiz days I will email 24hrs before to notify on BlackBoard.

 Rules For Significant Figures
a. All non-zero numbers are significant
• 33.5, 12.6, 4.7, …
b. Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant
• 2054, 1004, 208, …
c. Leading zeros are not significant
• 0.54, 0.000045, 0.001, …
d. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal are significant
• 38.00, 5.0, 68.0, …
 Rules For Significant Figures
e. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown are
significant
• 30. 320. 8300. …
f. Trailing zeros in a whole number without decimal shown are not
significant
• 100, 380, 52000, …
g. Exact numbers have an infinite number of sig. figures
• 3 = 3.00 = 3.000000000 …
 Rules For Significant Figures
Scientific notation

• 5.04 𝑥 103
• 3 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
• 1 𝑥 102
• 1 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒
• 1.0 𝑥 102
• 2 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
Rules For Significant Figures Example

All of these numbers have three significant digits

125
125000
12.5
1.25 𝑥 10−8
1.00
0.00000125
 Math With Significant Figures
Addition/Subtraction rules:
Your calculated value cannot be more precise than the least
precise quantity used in the calculation. The least precise quantity
has the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point.
Example:
7.939 + 6.26 + 11.1 = 25.299
11.1 − the least precise quantity
⟹ 7.939 + 6.26 + 11.1 = 25.3
 Math With Significant Figures
Multiplication/Division rules:
The number of significant figures in the final calculated value will
be the same as that of the quantity with the fewest number of
significant figures used in the calculation
Example:
25.2 𝑥 15.63 Τ1.846 = 213.367281
25.2 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
⟹ 25.2 𝑥 15.63 Τ1.846 = 213
 Math With Significant Figures
Multiplication/Division rules:
The number of significant figures in the final calculated value will
be the same as that of the quantity with the fewest number of
significant figures used in the calculation.
Example:
25.2 𝑥 15.63 Τ1.846 = 213.367281
25.2 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
⟹ 25.2 𝑥 15.63 Τ1.846 = 213
 Math With Significant Figures
Combined Addition/Subtraction & Multiplication/Division rules:
Use the order of mathematical operations to determine which
order to apply the rules for addition/subtraction (determine the
number of sig figs for that step) or the rules for
multiplication/division
Example:
24 + 7.0 Τ10.0 = 31Τ10.0
⟹ 24 + 7.0 Τ10.0 = 3.1
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
Positive and negative charges make up neutral atoms.
The atoms within our own bodies are held together by electric forces
whose behavior is similar to that of gravitational forces, only much
stronger.
Most objects in their natural state are electrically neutral; i.e., they
contain equal amounts of positive and negative charge.
For conducting materials, any excess charge placed on the object
distributes itself to make the electric field inside the object zero.
For insulators (glass, plastic, etc.), charge does not move easily.
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
When some materials are rubbed together, charge is transferred from
one to the other, and one object obtains a net positive charge, whereas
the other object is negatively charges.
In this experiment, you will study charging by contact, charging by
induction, and conservation of charge.
The concepts of electric force, electric fields, and electric potential will
also be introduced.
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
When two charges q1 and q2, are separated by a distance r12, q1
exerts a force F12 on q2. The magnitude of F12 is given by equation (1).
The force is repulsive if the two charges have the same sign and
attractive if the charges have opposite signs.
Another convenient way of discussing the force between charges is to
consider that one charge q2 produces an electric field E2 whose
magnitude is given by equation (2).
The relationship between the magnitudes of the force and the electric
field is given by equation (3).
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
Defining the electric field in this way makes it possible to calculate the
total electric field from several charges by adding vectorially the
electric field produced by each charge.
The force on another charge is then given by Equation (3).
Because the electric field is a vector, using the superposition principle
requires the use of vector addition.
Sometimes it is more convenient to use the concept of electric
potential. For a point charge, the electric potential is given by the
equation for potential in your manual.
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
In this experiment, the proportionality between charge and potential
difference is used to measure the relative charges carried by different
objects using an electrometer and a Faraday ice pail.
An electrometer is a voltmeter with an extremely large resistance,
usually about 10^14 ohms.
With such a large resistance, very little current will exist when it is
connected across a potential difference.
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
A Faraday ice pail is a metal cup or cage with a second cage
surrounding it to provide a grounding shield.
For practical purposes, a ground is an infinite source or sink for charge.
Negative charge flows to or from the ground to make the potential of
the object connected to ground be zero.
When an object carrying a positive charge or a negative charge is
placed inside the ice pail, the outside part of the cage will have the
same charge induced on it, and the potential difference measured
between the inside cage and ground is proportional to the charge on
the object inside the ice pail.
 Electric Charge and Electrostatics
The diagram shows a positive object inside the ice pail with the
induced negative charge on the inside of the cage and the
corresponding positive charge on the outside of the cage.
The potential difference between the inner cage and the ground (outer
cage) is measured by the electrometer and is proportional to the
charge on the object inside the Faraday ice pail.
 Remember!
The electrometer should be set on the 10-volt scale.
Red alligator clip must be on inside mesh.
Before any measurements ban be performed with the ice pail, the ice
pail must be grounded to the shield, and the electrometer must be
zeroed.
Do this by touching your fingers across the inner and outer cages while
pushing the zero button on the electrometer.
Do not rub to discharge.
Do not touch white end of wand.
Begin Experiment 5