hair shaft (stratum corneum) No living tissue is invaded No inflamation or cellular response Patients are often unaware of their condition Pityriasis versicolor • Chronic mild superficial infection of the stratum corneum • Caused by: Malassezia furfur • Host responses (scaling, inflammation, and irritation) are minimal. • Discrete, serpentine, hyper- or hypopigmented maculae occur on the skin, usually on the chest, upper back, arms, or abdomen. • Species of Malassezia are considered part of the microbial flora can be isolated from normal skin and scalp. • They have been implicated as a cause of or contributor to seborrheic dermatitis, or dandruff. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • 1. Clinical material: Skin scrapings from patients with superficial lesions, blood from patients with suspected fungaemia. • 2. Direct Microscopy: • Skin scrapings 10% KOH, glycerol and Parker ink solution spagety and meat ball (yeat and pseudohyphae) • Culture preparations are usually not necessary. M. furfur on skin scrapping specimen with GMS staining (left) and KOH staining (right): spagety and meatballs appearance Culture • only necessary in suspected fungaemia • M. furfur is a lipophilic yeastin vitro growth must be stimulated by natural oils or other fatty substances. • Medium: – Sabouraud's dextrose agar with olive oil – or Dixon's agar (contains glycerol mono-oleate) • Rapid growth (best growth 37 C, 3 days) Tinea Nigra (Tinea Nigra Palmaris) • A superficial chronic and asymptomatic infection of the stratum corneum • caused by: the dematiaceous fungus Hortaea (Exophiala) werneckii. • More prevalent in warm coastal regions and among young women. • The lesions appear as a dark (brown to black) discoloration, often on the palm. Hortaea (Exophiala) werneckii • a common saprophytic fungus • believed to occur in soil, compost, humus and on wood in humid tropical and sub-tropical regions. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • Diagnosis: – Specimen: Skin scrapings – Staining KOH Branched, septate hyphae and budding yeast cells (2-celled yeast cells) with melaninized cell walls. – Cultur: not necessary Black piedra • Nodular infection of the hair shaft • Caused by Piedraia hortai • Axillary, pubic, beard, and scalp hair may be infected. • Treatment : – removal of hair – topical antifungal agent LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • Specimen: hair with hard black nodule • Staining with 10%KOH • Culture: hair shaftSabouraud’s dextrose agar 2-3 weeks black to brown colony microscopic : septate hyphae with chlamydoconidia appearance. White piedra • larger, softer, yellowish nodules on the hairs • Caused by: Trichosporon species LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS • Specimen: hair with soft white nodule • Staining with 10%KOH • Culture: hair shaftSabouraud’s dextrose agar 2-3 weeks yellowish to deep cream colored, smooth coloniesmikros: hifa, pseudohifa, arthroconidia, blastoconidia RANGKUMAN Disease Causative organisms Incidence Clinical Manifestation Pityriasis Malassezia furfur versicolor Common Hipopigmented macule
Tinea nigra Exophiala werneckii Rare black macules
Cream colored nodule on White piedra Trichosporon beigelii Rare hair shaft Black piedra Piedraia hortae Rare Black nodules on hair shaft