Abstract

Power Flow Analysis is a critical control task for reliable and efficient
operation of power grids. It minimizes both the power distribution
losses and the cost of power drawn from the substation, without
affecting the voltage regulation. We discusses the Newton Raphson
method that employs power flow control for the stability of the power
system. This method has a faster solution for load flow analysis with
the optimized technique and maintaining the stability of system. It
requires an initial condition and work well for heavy load systems as
compared to other methods. The expected results for load flow are
voltage magnitude, phase angle and real and reactive power. Here, we
simulate the Newton Raphson method for an optimal power flow
analysis employing ring distribution network.
Problem Statement
Variations in load, generation, lines or interconnections
result in complexities such as:
 System Instability
 System Losses

Similarly the increase in demand causes an increase in

the cost of system.
Objectives
Power flow analysis has following purposes :
 Best operation and control of the existing system
 Plan for the future expansion to keep pace with load
growth
 Optimum Solutions to minimize the cost while
maintaining the demand
 Ascertain the effects of variations in system before
they occur
 Minimize the system losses
 Provide a check on the system stability
What is Load Flow Analysis?
Load flow studies are performed to calculate :

 Magnitude of Voltages |Vi|

 Phase Angles of Voltages δi
 Active Power Pi
 Reactive Power Qi
Solution Methodologies
The mathematical formulation of load flow problem
results in a set of algebraic non-linear equations.
Following methodologies are employed in this regard :

 Gauss Siedel Method

 Newton Raphson Method
 Fast Decoupled Method
 DC Load Flow Method
Newton Raphson Method
We will use Newton Raphson Method for solution
algorithm because of its :

 Fast Convergence
 Less Number of Iterations
 Less Computational Time
Mathematical Modeling
 Choose the initial values of the voltage magnitudes
|V|(0) of all np load buses and n − 1 angles δ (0) of the
voltages of all the buses except the slack bus.
 Calcule the initial values of real and reactive power
using following equations :
 Calculate the difference ΔP and ΔQ using :

 Form Jacobian Matrix

 Solve for Newton Raphson Solution Equation :
 Use the estimated |V|(1) and δ (1) to calculate real
power Pcalc(1) and equal number of real power
mismatch ΔP (1)
 Use the estimated |V|(1) and δ (1) to calculate reactive
power Qcalc(1) and equal number of reactive power
mismatch ΔQ (1)
 Keep on repeating untill all the mismatches are below
a small number.
Case Study
We aim to implement the Newton Raphson Method to
Ring Distribution Network for power flow analysis and
optimization.
Ring Distribution Netwok
Here, each distribution transformer is fed with two
feeders but in different paths. The feeders in this
system form a loop which starts from the substation
bus-bars, runs through the load area feeding
distribution transformers and returns to the
substation bus-bars.
The following figure shows a typical single line diagram
of a ring main distribution system.

Fig. Ring Bus Network

Simulation & Algorithm
The simulation and algorithm for power flow analysis
and optimization of ring distribution network would
be implemented in MATLAB.