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 Ô

States of matter - Gases
(Part 1). Gas laws
‡  To study Boyle¶s, Charles¶s and
Video 1 Avogadro¶s Laws.
 —  


‡ Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
‡ Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
‡ Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
‡ Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
 Force
Pressure = Area

vnits of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

Barometer
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 Boyle (1627 ± 1691) was the first prominent scientist

to perform controlled experiments and to publish his
work with elaborate details concerning procedure,
apparatus and observations. He developed a key
piece of apparatus - the vacuum pump

=
./
‡ Boyle¶s law - for a fixed amount of gas at a
constant temperature, the gas pressure is
inversely proportional to its volume.
1
=
. Ô/ V  n and T are fixed
P

PV = constant V = constant/P
 

=
.Ô/

Video 2
 Boyle¶s Law

—  1/þ
— x þ = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
—1 x þ1 = —2 x þ2
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1/

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL
at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?

—1 x þ1 = —2 x þ2
—1 = 726 mmHg —2 = ?
þ1 = 946 mL þ2 = 154 mL

—1 x þ1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

—2 = = = 4460 mmHg
þ2 154 mL
 '=
1/
‡ The volume of an inflated
balloon is 10.0 L at 1.0
atmospheric pressure.
What is the final volume
of the balloon when it is
brought to a height where
the atmospheric pressure
is 0.3 atm? Assume that
the temperature remained
constant.

2324$2 Boyle¶s apprentice finds that the air trapped in a J tube occupies
24.8cm3 at 1.12atm. By adding mercury to the tube, he increases
the pressure on the trapped air to 2.64atm. Assuming constant
Video 3 temperature, what is the new volume of air (inL)?
0.0105L
 Jacques Alexandre César Charles (1746 ± 1823) ,
born in Beaugency Loiret, was a French chemist,
physicist and aeronaut. In 1783 he made the first
balloon, using hydrogen gas, and ascended to a
height of nearly 2 miles. In 1787 he discovered the
relationship between the volume of a gas and its
temperature.

 
1/
‡ Charles's law - for a fixed amount of gas at a
constant pressure, the volume of the gas is
proportional to its absolute temperature.

 
. Ô/ V  T P and n are fixed

V = constant x T
  

 
.Ô/

Video 4
Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.

Charles¶ &
Gay-Lussac¶s
Law

þ| Temperature  be

þ = constant x | in Kelvin
þ1/|1 = þ2/|2 | (K) = (0C) + 273.15
  
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—46=Ô27 A 1-L steel tank is fitted with a safety valve that opens if the
internal pressure exceeds 1.00x103 torr. It is filled with helium at
230C and 0.991atm and placed in boiling water at exactly 1000C.
Will the safety valve open?

—Ô8 6Ô|$68
P1(atm) T1 and T2(0C) P1 = 0.991atm P2 = unknown
1atm=760torr K=0C+273.15 T1 = 230C T2 = 100 oC

P1(torr) T1 and T2(K)

P1V1 P2V2 P1 P2
x T2/T1 = =
n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2
P2(torr)
0.991atm 760torr = 753torr
1atm
T2 Video 5
P2 = P1 373K
= 753torr = 949torr
T1 296K
 Avogadro¶s Law
‡ Avogadro¶s law - the volume of a gas
at a constant temperature and
pressure is directly proportional to the
number of moles of the gas present. Constant temperature
Constant pressure
þ  number of moles (n)
þ = constant x n þ1/n1 = þ2/n2
  

0'.Ô/

Video 6
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO)
and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are
obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same
temperature and pressure?

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

1 mole NH3 1 mole NO

At constant | and —

1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

  
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—46=Ô27 A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled with helium to a

volume of 55dm3. When 1.10mol of He is added to the blimp, the
volume is 26.2dm3. How many more grams of He must be added
to make it rise? Assume constant T and P.

—Ô8 We are given initial n1 and V1 as well as the final V2. We have to find
n2 and convert it from moles to grams.

n1(mol) of He 6Ô|$68 P and T are constant

x V2/V1 n1 = 1.10mol n2 = unknown P1V1 P2V2
n2(mol) of He =
V1 = 26.2dm3 V2 = 55.0dm3 n1T1 n2T2
subtract n1 V1 V2 V2
mol to be added = n2 = n1
n1 n2 V1
xX
55.0dm3 4.003g He
g to be added n2 = 1.10mol = 2.31mol = 4.84g He
26.2dm3 mol He
 |
 

 Video 7

Gas pressure is usually measured by manometers.

The simplest manometer consists of a graduated
v-shaped glass tube. The tube is filled with liquid
mercury.
Manometers for measuring atmospheric pressure,
called barometers, do not contain a liquid.
  
—*
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9
5—

4
 

—46=Ô27 Boyle¶s apprentice finds that the air trapped in a J tube occupies
24.8cm3 at 1.12atm. By adding mercury to the tube, he increases
the pressure on the trapped air to 2.64atm. Assuming constant
temperature, what is the new volume of air (inL)?

—Ô8 6Ô|$68 P and T are constant

V1 in cm3 P1 = 1.12atm P2 = 2.64atm
1cm3=1mL
unit V1 = 24.8cm3 V2 = unknown
V1 in mL
conversion
103mL=1L 24.8cm3 1mL L = 0.0248L
V1 in L 1cm3 103mL
gas law
xP1/P2 P1V1 P2V2 P1V1 = P2V2
calculation =
V2 in L n1T1 n2T2
P1V1 1.12atm
V2 = = 0.0248L = 0.0105L
P2 2.46atm
 
‡ At the end of the lesson the students
should be able to:
1. state Boyle¶s, Charles¶s and Avogadro¶s
Laws
2. use the gas laws in calculations
3. sketch and interpret graphs of Boyle¶s and
Charles¶s Laws.