Jet Engine

By- Keshav Kumar

(B.Tech ME 5th Semester)
Contents:
 Introduction
 Its History
 Principle of a Jet Engine
 Working of a Jet Engine
 Its Parts
 Its Cycle – ‘Brayton Cycle’
 Types of Jet Engine
 Merits and Demerits
 Applications
 INTRODUCTION
A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast
moving jet which generates thrust by jet propulsion in
accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad
definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans,
rockets, ramjets, and pulse jets. jet engine is nothing but
a Gas Turbine.
 History of Jet Engine
This device was known as Aeolipile.
Jet propulsion only took off with the
invention of the gunpowder powered rocket
by the Chinese in the 13th century.
The Aeolipile of 150 BCE was created as a
curiosity and never used for any practical
mechanical purpose.
‘Heinkel He 178’, the world's first aircraft to fly purely
on turbojet power.
How Does an Airplane Fly?
 Principle of Jet Engine:
• Principle of jet engine is based on Newton’s
second and third law of motion.
• Second law states that the rate of change of
momentum in any direction is proportional to the
force acting in that direction.
• Third law states that for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
Working of a Jet Engine:
Contd..
• Sucks in air from front with fan.
• A compressor raises the pressure of the air.
• Then the compressed air is ignited.
• Gas expends and comes out nozzle.
• Engine/Aircraft thrusts forward.
Parts:
• Air intake (Fan)
• Compressor
• Combustion chamber
• Turbine
• Nozzle
Brayton Cycle:
Ideal thermodynamic cycle divided into following
process:
• Isentropic compression process
• Isobaric heat addition process
• Isentropic expansion process
• Isobaric heat rejection process
Types of Jet Engine:
 Turbojet Engine
 Turbo-Fan
 Turbo-Prop
 RAMJET
 Turbo-Shaft
Turbojet Engine
The turbojet is an air breathing jet engine, usually
used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a
propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet,
a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a
turbine (that drives the compressor).
Turbo Fan
The word "turbofan" is combination of "turbine"
and "fan": the turbo portion refers to a gas turbine
engine which takes mechanical energy from
combustion, and the fan, a ducted fan that uses
the mechanical energy from the gas turbine to
accelerate air rearwards.
Turbo Prop
A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives
an aircraft propeller.
In contrast to a turbojet, the engine's exhaust gases
do not contain enough energy to create
significant thrust, since almost all of the engine's
power is used to drive the propeller.
RAMJET ENGINE
 Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed;
they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. A
ramjet-powered vehicle, therefore, requires an
assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it
to a speed where it begins to produce thrust.
Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic
speeds around Mach 3.
 It is a form of air breathing jet engine that uses the

engine's forward motion to compress incoming air

without an axial compressor.
Contd..
Turbo Shaft
A Turbo Shaft engine is a form of gas turbine
which is optimized to produce shaft power rather
than jet thrust. They are even more similar to
turboprops, with only minor differences, and a
single engine is often sold in both forms.
Merits of Jet Engine:
 Mechanical efficiency of jet engine is high as
compared to IC engine.
 Speed of jet engine per HP developed is higher

than IC engine.
 Ignition and lubricating systems are much simpler

in jet engine than IC engine.

Demerits of Jet Engine:
 Thermal efficiency of Jet engine is low compared
to IC engine.
 Difficult to start.
 Turbine blades need a special cooling system due

high temperature.
Applications:
• The industry they’re most prominent in is in the
transport industry, where they are used to propel
aircraft, boats, and in some one of creations such
as a turbojet powered truck.
• The first use of the jet engine was to power
military aircraft.
• Normal type of jet engine is used for domestic
purpose i.e. Travelling, Carrying goods etc.
• As industrial gas turbine for power generation ,
natural gas , oil pumps etc.
Latest and Fastest Jet Engine:
 North American X-15
-This aircraft has the
current world record for
the fastest manned
aircraft. Its maximum
speed was mach 6.70
(about 7,200 km/h)
which it attained on the
3rd of October 1967.
THANK YOU ALL 