William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture

Chapter 1
Introduction

UIIT
Logistics

• See class web-page

Course Title: Computer Organization and Assembly Language

Code: CS 430
• Textbook:
• Computer Organization and Architecture
by William Stallings. 8th Edition, Prentice Hall.
• Computer Organization – HW/SW Interface,
Patterson and Hennessy, 5th edition

2
Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
— Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
— e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented,
also refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications
— Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
— e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 (introduced in 1970)
family share the same basic architecture

• This gives code compatibility

—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional View
Operations (a) Data movement

simply transferring data from

one peripheral or
communications line to another
Operations (b) Storage

data transferred from the external

environment to computer storage
(read) and vice versa (write).
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

show operations involving data

processing, on data either in storage
 Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

en route between storage and the

external environment
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 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
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Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
Component of CPU

• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and

hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing
functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides
for communication
among the control unit,ALU, and registers
Outline of the Book (1)
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2)
• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Digital Logic (Appendix)
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
• http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
— links to sites of interest
— links to sites for courses that use the book
— errata list for book
— information on other books by W. Stallings
• http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
— Math
— How-to
— Research resources
— Misc
Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• Processor Emporium
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturer’s sites
—Intel, IBM, etc.
Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
• comp.arch
• comp.arch.arithmetic
• comp.arch.storage
• comp.parallel