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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Er. SHAIKH ARSHAD
VJTI MTECH CM
GUIDED BY: DR. SUMEDH MHASKE
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INTRODUCTI 2
ON
• A generating plant in which nuclear energy is converted into
electrical energy is known as a nuclear power plant.
• Nuclear power plants use the
heat generated from nuclear
fission in a contained
environment to convert
water to steam, which
powers generators to
produce electricity.
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Contd…. 3
.
• Nuclear power plants uses uranaium and plutonium as fuel.
• Today there are about 439 nuclear plants in 31 countries
constituting 10% of worlds energy demand.
• 1kg of uranium can produce as much energy as burning of 4500
tonnes of high variety grade of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.
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COMPONENTS OF 4
NPP
 NUCLEAR REACTOR
 STEAM GENERATORS
 PRESSURIZER
 REACTOR COOLANT PUMP
 STEAM TURBINE
 GENERATOR
 CONDESER
 CONDENSATE-FEEDWATER SYSTEM
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FLOW 5
DIAGRAM
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Types of nuclear power plant 6

• Based on type of rector, nuclear power plants has following types

1. Boiling water reactor
2. Pressurised water reactor
3. Pressurised heavy water reactor
4. Gas cooled reactor
5. Fast neutron reactor
6. Thorium reactor
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Boiling water reactor 7

• Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)

are types of power plants that
work similar to a pressure
cooker where steam is
generated from heat within
the reactor core which in turn
is used to drive the turbine
blades that turns the
generator.
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Pressurised water reactor 8

• Pressurised Water Reactor

(PWR) has a separate
arrangement to make steam in
the form of a heat exchanger.
• Pressurised hot water enters
the steam generator where
normal water is converted to
steam.
• Finally steam drives the
turbine to produce electricity.
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Pressurised heavy water reactor 9

• The reactor core is in a large

tank called a calandria. There
is a heavy water as the
moderator in this tank.
• Heavy water is heated in
reactor and transported to
steam generator which
converts normal water to
steam and that steam is used
to drive the turbines.
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STRUCTURE OF 10
ANPP
• Structure of NPP contains 3 basic components
1. Containment building
2. Turbine building
3. Cooling tower
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CONTAINMENT 11
BUILDING
• It is an air tight structure
made up of reinforced
concrete structure.
• It houses nuclear reactor,
steam generators, pressurizer,
reactor coolant pumps and
other piping.
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Continued 12
…
• It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape
of radioactive steam or gas to a maximum pressure in the range of
275 to 550 kPa.
• It is strong enough to withstand the impact of a fully loaded
passenger airliner without rupture.
• The containment building consist of spherical or can like shape,
however modern design tends towards combination of both.
• Mostly spherical shape is preferred as it does not contain any
joints and most suitable to withstand internal pressure.
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Contd 13
…

Spherical domed shape containment Cylindrical containment

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Turbine building 14

• Turbine building houses turbines, generators, condenser and other

equipment.
• In this building process of conversion of thermal energy into
electrical energy takes place.
• Turbine building is also used to accommodate turbine support
system, maintenance activity and movement of authorities for
routine checking and inspection purpose.
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Coolig tower 15

• A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to

the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature.
• The hot water is led to the tower top and falls down through the tower
and is broken into small particles while passing over the baffling devices.
• Air enters the tower from the bottom and flow upwards. The air
vaporizes a small percentage of water, thereby cooling water falls down
into tank below the tower from where it is pumped to the condenser and
cycle is repeated.
• Cooling tower can be as high as 200 meter.
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Contd… 16
.
• There are two types of cooling
tower
1. Natural draft cooling tower:
air circulated in cooling
tower by natural convection
2. Mechanical draft cooling
tower: air is circulated by
mechanical means such as
propeller or centrifugal fans.
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Case study- Tarapur power plant 17

• Tarapur power plant is the largest nuclear power station in india.

• It is located in tarapur of boisar district in maharashtra state.
• The total capacity of this power plant is 1400MW.
• It contains total four reactors, two boiling water reactor and two
pressurised heavy water reactor.
• Capacity of each BWR reactor is 160MW and that of each
pressurised water reactor is 540MW.
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Contd 18
…

Tarapur
nuclear
power
station
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Contd 19
…
The capacity of each reactor and their date of
commencement is tabulated below
Date of Commercial
Unit Reactor Type Capacity(MWe)
Operation

1 Boiling Water Reactor(BWR) 160 October 28, 1969

2 Boiling Water Reactor(BWR) 160 October 28, 1969

Pressurised Heavy Water

3 540 August 18, 2006
Reactor(PHWR)

Pressurised Heavy Water

4 540 September 12, 2005
Reactor(PHWR)
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Advantages of nuclear power plant 20

• Generating electricity by nuclear energy is saving an important

pollutant gases (CO2 and others) that would be generated if this
energy would be generated from the burning of fossil fuels.
• Currently more fossil fuels which are produced so that in the not
too distant future these resources will be exhausted or the prices
would rise making them inaccessible to most consumed of the
population.
• Another advantage is in the amount of fuel needed; with little fuel
large amounts of energy are obtained. This saves on raw materials
but also in transport, handling extraction nuclear fuel. The cost of
fuel is 20% of the cost of energy generated.
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Contd 21
…
• The energy produced per amount of material consumed is the
highest available, costs are competitive with coal, the major
source used in the world. 1kg of uranium can produce as much
energy as burning of 4500 tonnes of high variety grade of coal or
2000 tonnes of oil.
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Disadvantages of nuclear power plant 22

• A major drawback is the generation of nuclear waste and the

difficulty to manage and it takes many years to lose
its radioactivity and danger.
• Another practical disadvantage of using nuclear energy is that it
needs a lot of investment to set up a nuclear power station.
• Unlike fossil fuels which are available to most of the countries,
uranium is very scarce resource and exist in only few of the
countries. Permissions of several international authorities are
required before someone can even thought of building a nuclear
power plant.
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Contd 23
…
• The uranium used in the process of fission is a naturally unstable
element. extra safety measures are meant to prevent uranium
from emitting harmful levels of radiation.
• after the shutdown, the plants remain on location as abandoned
reactors. Not only do they take up valuable land space, but they
also could contaminate the surrounding areas.
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REFERANC 24
ES
• http://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power-plant/
• https://www.ready.gov/nuclear-power-plants
• https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3
&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjIq5eYpcjXAhUEr48KHdc2B5oQFggvMAI&
url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FContainment_building&u
sg=AOvVaw0xsd6FY3_KdU-0C2KrSRJl
• http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/AllProjectOperationDisplay.aspx
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station
• https://www.quora.com/Why-nuclear-reactor-containment-structure-
are-dome-shaped
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THANK YOU

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