Presented by:Achala Theres P Moncy

II MSc Biotechnology
OST-2018-23-01
 INTRODUCTION
 Bloom in global market for ornamental fishes due to
their increasing demand for keeping them in
households as pets
 Means of self employment
 Total international export trade in 1998-173.87 million
US dollars
 How breeding occurs?
 Fish spawns during specified period when gonads
attain full maturity called the breeding season of
species
 Cultured fishes according to breeding habitats
 Fishes which breed in ponds
 Fishes which do not ordinarily spawn in ponds
but breed in flooded rivers and adjoining area
 Fishes which inhabit the sea or brackish water
• NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL BREEDING
STRATEGIES
 Natural breeding techniques
 According to natural breeding strategies –
 Oviparous
 Ovoviviparous/Viviparous

Oviparous
1.Fishes that lay eggs and eggs are
allowed to hatch unattended
 Egg scatterers
 Egg hangers
 Egg stowers
Egg scatterers

(a) Egg scatterers with adhesive eggs

• Gold fish,barbs etc..

• Brood stock:8-15 months old
• Size-40-100kg
• Water plants used as egg collectors
• Polythene strips also used
• Feed-Infusoria
• One month old fry transferred to
hatchery
(b)Egg scatterers with non adhesive eggs
 Species of Danio and Brachydanio
 Eat their own eggs
 Hence gravels filled in bottom of tank
 Incubation period 3-4 days
 8 weeks time
2.Egg hangers(Aphyosemion australe/Lyre tail)

• Lays eggs singly attached to objects by fine sticky thread

• Eggs not released at a time
• Tanks kept in dark with aquatic plants
• Artificial surfaces such as
spawning mop provided
3.Egg stowers(Rhodeus sericeus)
• Lay eggs inside freshwater mussel
• Male differ from female in color
• During breeding season color pattern changes and
bulgy abdomen in female
• Tanks with sand in bottom,green plants and mussels
• 4-5 weeks young emerges
2.Fishes that lay eggs and eggs are guarded by either of
parents or both but developing eggs are not in direct
contact with body of parent fishes

1.Egg anchorers-Brown or common discus

• With definite spawning sites
• As female lay egg male fertililizes
• Ensures adequate oxygen over eggs by faning movement
• Soon after breeding seperated
• Tank aerated
2.Egg hiders(Dwarf cichlids)
 Hide eggs out of sight
 In rock crevices or scoop out holes
 Both guard eggs

3.Egg scoopers
• Male chooses a site and scoop out depression for eggs
• Male guards
4.Egg splashers(Copeina arnoldi)
 Eggs layed on overhanging leaves or stone reached by
jumping
 Eggs kept moist by splashing water
 Tanks-10 gallons
 Temp-82ºF-84ºF
 Tank covered
 Green frosted glass with rough side down used instead of
leaves
5.Nest builders
a. Bubble nest builders
• Nest made by bubbles covered by
mucus
• Siamese fighting fish(Beta splendens)
• Males grown in special containers
• Mild aeration required
• Incubation-30 to 40 hours
Nest fabricators(Apeltes quadracus)
• Collect twigs,roots of plants
• Mucus holds tunnel
• Adequate plants,aeration required
• Hatching 3 to 4days
3.Fishes that lay egg and egg remain in direct contact with
the body of parent fish(Egg carriers)
1.Mouth breeders(Geophagus balzani)
• Eggs carried in mouth

2.Female swims with eggs in vent –brushes off

Both prefers large aquarium

Ovoviviparous
• Live bearers
• Guppies(Poecilia reticulata),Black molly,
Platy(Xiphophorus maculatus)
• Shifted to breeding trap
 ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
BREEDING
• Breeding under captivity
Artificial fertilization and induced breeding
 Artificial fertilization by stripping
Wet method:eggs and milt stripped directly into
water
Dry method:water added after stripping
Methods of induced breeding of
fishes
Method adapted for pond breeding fishes
Introducing selected broodstock to special breeding
ponds with well oxygenated water
Simple replacement of old pond water
Providing suitable materials of attachment
Regulation of external factors
Injecting hormones
Methods adapted for fishes with difficulties to
spawn

Breeding by means of hormones

 HYPOPHYSATION
• Ripe fish breeders stimulated by pituitary hormone
injection to breed in captivity
Technique
Pituitary gland location
Ventral side of brain behind optic chiasma
attached to infundibulum by stalk
Stage of maturity of donar fish
Collected from fully ripe gravid fishes
Methods of gland collection
1.By dissecting and removing a portion of scalp
2.Through foramen magnum
Preservation and storage
In alcohol,acetone or by immediate freezing
Collection of breeders for injection
Netting with drag nets and collection of suitable
by hand nets
Selection and identification of brooders
preferred age group 2-4 years with weights from
1-5g
Injection of breeders
Intramuscular or intraperitoneal by hypodermic
syringe
Dosage of pituitary extract
Female 2 doses
 Initial dose 2-3 mg /kg body weight
 Final dose 6-8 mg/ kg bodyweight
 Male given only 1 dose at the time of the 2nd dose given
to female
Response of injection
After about 2 hours of second injection
Estimation of egg quantity
Treatment to injured fish
Synthetic hormones in induced
breeding of fishes
 Human chorionic gonadotropin and leutinising
hormone releasing hormone
 HCG-750 to 1000µg/kg bodyweight
 LHRH-100µg/kg
 Ovaprim-Linpe method
 Contains an analogue of salmon gonadotropin releasing
hormone and dopamine antagonist
U