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PHILOSOPHY

2 FORMS OF DEFINITIONS:

1. NOMINAL
- Philosophy comes from Greek words
philo – friend or love
sophia – wisdom
Therefore it is love of wisdom. It seeks knowledge. Not only knowledge
but the truth about the acquired knowledge.

2. REAL
- Philosophy is the science of all that exist (of beings) in their
ultimate cause through the aid of human intellect.
ELEMENTS in the DEFINITION of PHILOSOPHY

A Science – a systematic body of knowledge which is not only based on


opinions, hypothesis and theories, but on ideal knowledge.

Of Beings – i.e, of all, everything that exists or may exist, of everything


knowable.
- Philosophy is the highest synthesis of all sciences dealing
with man, nature and God.
- mother of all sciences (vast scope and subject matter-
meaning we can talk everything in Philosophy under the sun)

In their Ultimate Cause – it asks and answers not only facts and
proximate causes but the deepest causes of everything.
- it gives answers not only in the “WHAT” but
most importantly to the “WHY”
Through the Aid of the Human Intellect Alone
- because Philosophy uses natural reasons and not the Divine
Revelation of the recourse to the Bible.
- a product of one’s own thinking and not of imagination or fantasy

RELATIONSHIP OF PHILOSOPHY TO SCIENCE and ART

Philosophy and Science


- both are alike, both interest in knowledge.
- both field in inquiry and investigation
- seek to ask question and determine answers to the questions

They are only different in the knowledge they seek:

Science seek knowledge of facts, while Philosophy seeks ultimate


(greatest or the cause of everything) knowledge.
Therefore, Philosophy is aware in the findings of Science because Science
seeks to determine facts and facts is its end products.

- Philosophy starts to work with these facts, use these facts and thru this
facts which makes man(genuine philosopher) to be interested of. That this
man started to help or can aid man(ordinary man) determine the
significance of these facts.

The method of philosophy interprets and explain the ultimate relation and
meaning of facts. It becomes clear when these facts shows its relation to
the totality of man’s experience. Thru this, man(philosopher) come up a
conclusion from the facts of human experience, meaning, and purposes of
living.
RELATIONSHIP OF PHILOSOPHY TO SCIENCE and ART

Philosophy and Arts


- common ground in seeking truth
- both have common interest in interpreting, appreciating
experiences and enjoying the meaning of life

Artists treatment is actual, while Philosopher is theoretical.


Artists enjoy and appreciate, express and create. Philosophers
intellectualize artistic experience.
Their chief task:
- to parallel the experience of beauty using intellectual understanding of
its nature.
VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY

The study of Philosophy has value and effects to the lives of the people
who study and live with it.

- the value is to be sought largely in it very uncertainty. (no definite)


- it is to be studied, not for the sake of finding definite answers to its
questions, since no definite answer can, as a rule, be known to be true.
Rather it studied for the sake of question themselves, because theses
questions would lead to enlarge conception of what is possible and thus
enrich our intellectual imagination. (what man tend to do is to find the
ultimate answer of a question. But in philosophy, it will ask the given
answer. –Thesis – AntiThesis – Synthesis)
TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is basically divided into 2 major types:


1. Pure Philosophy or Speculative Philosophy
2. Applied Philosophy or Practical Philosophy

Pure Philosophy or Speculative Philosophy

 When “BEING” is CONSIDERED IN ITSELF


* Metaphysics/Ontology (being in its most general form)
- the study of being as being while taking into consideration that essence
and existence are constitutes of being.
- originally, it deals with existence, or being as such, first causes, or
things that don’t change

*Ontology- studies the nature of human being’s existence as individual, in society and in the universe
- like “Who we are?”, “What we are for?”, “Do we make real freewill choices? Or are external
forces controlling our outcome?”
Pure Philosophy or Speculative Philosophy

 When “BEING” is CONSIDERED IN ITSELF


* Cosmology (being in the nonliving world)
- the philosophical study of the material world with regards to its
order in the universe. (cosmos)
* Theodicy (being in its highest form)
- the philosophical study of God (though in the early point of
philosophy, God is not mentioned like today but the Highest Being) with
consideration to its nature and existence as absolute.
* Anthropology (being with its body and soul)
- Greek word “anthropos” – human being and “logia” – study of
- philosophical study of man with regard to the union between the
body and soul. (soul is distinct from the spirit in philosophical arena)
Pure Philosophy or Speculative Philosophy

 When “BEING” is CONSIDERED IN ITSELF


* Rational Psychology (being with its soul)
- the philosophical study of the immaterial soul and its faculties with
consideration to it as the life principle of every living being.

 When “BEING” is CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO MAN


* Logic (considering the procedure of man’s thought)
- the science and art of correct thinking
* Epistemology (the value of our thought)
- Greek word “episteme” – knowledge/understanding and “logia” – study
of
- the philosophical study of human knowledge with regard to certainty
and truth
Pure Philosophy or Speculative Philosophy

 When “BEING” is CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO MAN


* Ethics (considering man’s will)
- the philosophical study of the morality of the human act that
distinguishes good from evil and right from wrong.

Applied Philosophy or Practical Philosophy

The results of Pure or Speculative Philosophy are applied to special


topics and problems in the different aspects of man’s life, such as:
education, society, history, business, religion, and others.
Applied Philosophy or Practical Philosophy

These are some of the branches of Applied or Practical Philosophy.

* Philosophy of Man – the inquiry into man as person.


* Social Philosophy – the study of the relationship between man and
society
* Philosophy of Religion – the study of man’s relationship to God
* Axiology – the study of man’s values
- Ex. If we want to change the society what is that we VALUE more? Is it the economy, the
business, the establishment or the people working for that change
* Aesthetics – the study of beauty and perfection
* Oriental Philosophy – the study of Oriental ways of life and mind.
- Ex. Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism. * The teaching of Jesus Christ
* Philosophy of Education – the philosophical approach to teaching
and learning process.
- Ex. *educare – to lead out

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