Anatomy & physiology

Visual system

Budi Suryanto
Ophthalmologist
Pre Test
 What are the refraction media in order
the light to reach the retina?
 Mention the 10 major components of the
eye
 Mention the parts of the retina from
inwards (starting from internal limiting
membrane)
 Learning Objectives

By the end of this presentation you will be able

to:
1.Recognize major components of the eye
2.Have a basic understanding of how the eye works
3.Understand how eye disease affects the
components of the eye
 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE EYE

This highly specialized sensory organ is derived

from neural ectoderm, mesoderm and surface
ectoderm.
The eye is essentially an outgrowth from the
brain (neural ectoderm).
Started as Optic vesicle connected to the
forebrain by Optic stalk.
 EMBRYOLOGY (cont.)
Invagination of both
the optic vesicle to
form Optic cup and the
optic stalk to form
Choroidal fissure
inferiorly.
Surface ectoderm
invaginate to form the
lens vesicle.
Mesodermal tissues
invade the developing
eye to share in
vascular, muscular and
supportive tissues of
the eye.
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE AFTER
BIRTH

At birth, the eye is relatively large in relation to

the rest of the body.
The eye reaches full size by the age of 8 years.
The lens continues to enlarge throughout the life.
The iris has a bluish color due to little or no
pigment on the anterior surface.
During early infant life, the cornea & sclera can
be stretched by raised IOP → enlargement of the
eye.
 THE ORBIT

 As a socket, contains & protect the eye.

 The weakest parts are the floor & the
medial wall.
 Six bones contribute the bony orbit.
 Surrounded by nasal sinuses.
 Important openings are:
◦ Optic foramen.
◦ Superior orbital fissure.
◦ Inferior orbital fissure.
Figure by Snell & Lemp
 Lacrimal Apparatus

Tear secretion.
Layers of precorneal tear film.
Drainage of tear.
 CONJUNCTIVA
 Three parts:
1. Bulbar conjunctiva.
2. Palpebral conjunctiva.
3. Forniceal conjunctiva.
 The stroma (no adenoid
tissues until 3 months after
birth).
 Follicles & Papillae.
 Injection and chemosis.
 Limbus.
Quiz #1
Macula

Retinal Artery

Papil
Vortex Vein

Iris Lens Sclera

Cornea
 Pop Quiz #2
a
a: Lens e
b: Ciliary Body (Pars plicata)
c: Pars Plana of ciliary body
d: Retina
b
e: Zonule or suspensory ligament

d
AQUEOUS HUMOR DYNAMICS ??
Extrinsic Eye Musculature

For moving eye within its socket

6 muscles per eyeball
Innervated by 3 cranial nerves
 Eye Movements
YAW
Yaw
gaze shifts L/R
Pitch
gaze shifts up/down
Roll
eye rotates around
PITCH line of gaze
(torsion)
ROLL

In each position of gaze, one muscle of each eye is the primary

mover of that eye, and is “yoked” to the primary mover of the
other eye
Oculomotor Muscle Actions

Muscle Action Nerve Supply

upper division of
Sup. rectus elevates & abducts eyeball oculomotor n. (III)
Sup. oblique depresses & adducts eyeball trochlear n. (IV)
lower division of
Med. rectus adducts the eyeball oculomotor n. (III)
Lat. rectus abducts the eyeball abducens n. (VI)
lower division of
Inf. rectus depresses & abducts eyeball oculomotor n. (III)
lower division of
Inf. oblique elevates & adducts eyeball oculomotor n. III)
levator
palpebrae upper division of
superioris raises the eyelid oculomotor n. (III)
Intrinsic Eye Muscles and their response to light
 Looking at the Retina
Macula- 3 by 5 mm area at the posterior pole of the eye
Fovea- in center of macula : free of blood vessels, contains
only cone cells
Anatomy of Rods and Cones
Rods
120 million
Light sensitive
Found in peripheral

Cones
7 million
Color sensitive
Found mostly in fovea
Histology of the Retina
Physiology of Rods and Photopigments
Photomicroscopic view of the Histology of the Eye
Photomicroscopic view of the Histology of the Eye
showing the location of the central fovea

WHICH PARTS ARE MISSING

??
 The Visual Pathway
 Visual Pathway: Three
neurons
1. Bipolar cell, lies
within the retina.
2. Ganglion cell, synapse
in lateral geniculate
body.
3. Third neuron
terminates in visual
cortex.
 Visual Pathway

1. Cones
2. Bipolar neurons
3. Ganglion cell’s axon forms the optic nerve
4. Optic nerve to the Optic Chiasm
5. Optic tract
6. Lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
7. Optic Radiations
8. Primary visual areas of the occipital lobes
 Optics of the Eye

The eye is like a camera

Light must have a clearly pathway to be clearly focused on
the sensory receptors of the retina, i.e., clear cornea,
anterior chamber, lens and vitreous cavity

The refractive power of the eye is about ± 58

dioptres
Abnormalities of The Eye

1. Myopic
nearsighted
2. Hypermetropic
Farsighted
• Presbyopia
age-related failure of
lens to accommodate
• Astigmatism
Distorted vision due to
irregular-shaped lens or
cornea
 Optics of the Eye (cont.)

The cornea is the major refracting element of the eye

a power of approximately 40 dioptres
If the curvature is greater in one meridian than the other→
Astigmatism

The refractive power of the lens is about 17 dioptres at rest

Accommodation able to change the power of the lens markedly
depends on age
Visual Pathway
Binocular vision
 Accommodation of the Lens
Near Vision Far Vision
1.Ciliary muscles 1. Ciliary muscles relaxes
contract 2. Ciliary body returns to its
2.Ciliary body pulls resting state, backward
forward and inward and outward
3.Tension on
suspensory ligaments • Tension on suspensory
of lens is decreased ligaments of lens is
increased
4.Lens becomes thicker
(rounder) due to its • Lens becomes thinner
elasticity (flatter) due to its elasticity
5.Pupils constricts • Pupils dilate
Thank you