DERIVED FROM TWO GREEK WORD:

ATHEIST
A- “no” or “without” is the one who denies
the existence of God.
THEOS “God”
+
ATHEISM = NO-GOD-ISM

is a philosophical belief that states

‘THERE IS NO GOD’.
Thus, atheism being a very significant part of man’s
search for meaning, it is worth knowing the reason
and justifications proposed by its advocates; for the DOES NOT NECESSARILY
atheist or the nonbeliever also has something to say MEAN “GODLESS” IN LIFE AND
about the human condition which will benefit the BEHAVIOR
believer. CAN BE A GOOD PERSON AND
THAT HIS VALUES AND
PROMISES ARE NO LESS
TRUTHWORTHY THAN THOSE
OF OTHER PEOPLE.

“FOR A LIFE WITHOUT

GOD NEED NOT BE
BESTIAL,
UNINTELLIGENT OR
IMMORAL, BUT IT CAN
BE SERENE AND DEEPLY
HUMAN.”
 1. ARGUMENT FROM THE
ETERNITY OF MATTER
 TRADITIONALLY, THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC FORM OF
ATHEISM IS BASED ON THE DOCTRINE OF THE ETERNITY OF
MATTER.

MATERIALISTS
• ITS EARLY ADVOCATES, CLAIM THAT MATTER IS THE ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS;
EVERYTHING COMES FROM MATTER AND EVERYTHING COMES BACK TO
MATTER.

“MATTER IS THE UNDERLYING ELEMENT OF BOTH LIVING

AND NONLIVING THINGS, AS EVERYTHING IS COMPOSED OF
MATTER.”
 6TH CENTRY B.C. 5TH CENTURY B.C.
IONIAN PHILOSOPHERS IN THE LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
TRADITION OF THALES ATTRIBUTED ALL THINGS TO ETERNAL
ATTEMPTED TO ACCOUNT FOR ATOMS, THE SMALLEST PARTICLES OF
THE ORIGIN AND PRESENT STATE WHICH BOTH ANIMATE AND
OF FUNDAMENTAL SUBSTANCES. INANIMATE THINGS ARE COMPOSED.
NOW EMPEDOCLES TAUGHT ABOUT THE
“FOUR ROOTS” OF THINGS, NAMELY:
IT IS ARGUED THAT IF MATTER EARTH, AIR, WATER AND FIRE. EACH
(OR ATOM) HAS ALWAYS EXISTED OF THESE ELEMENTS CONSISTED OF
FROM ETERNITY, THERE IS NO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ETERNAL
CREATOR, THERE IS NO GOD. BUT ATOMS.
BY ALL APPEARANCES OF THE
THINGS IN THE WORLD, MATTER HINDI NA KAILANGAN PANG SABIHIN NA NILIKHA NG
DIYOS ANG DAIGDIG PAGKAT ANG MATERYA NA
HAS ALWAYS EXISTED. SIYANG PINAGMULAN NG LAHAT AY ETERNAL O
THEREFORE, THERE IS NO WALANG HANGGAN. ISA NANG KALABISAN KUNG
CREATOR. SASABIHING NILIKHA ITO NG ISANG DIYOS.
 2. ARGUMENT FROM EVIL
 THE OLDEST FORM OF ATHEISM WAS, AND STILL IS,
ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXISTENCE OF EVIL, in virtue of
which it is also known as ANCIENT ATHEISM.

THE ATHEIST CONTENDS THAT THE PRESCENCE OF EVIL AND

HUMAN SUFFERING IN THIS WORLD CONTRADICTS THE EXISTENCE
OF AN ALL-WISE, ALL-GOOD, ALL-POWERFUL AND ALL-JUST GOD.

DIUMANO, ANG KAYARIAN NG ISANG MABUTING DIYOS AY

SALUNGAT SA PAG-IRAL NG IBA’T IBANG KASAMAAN AT
PAGHIHIRAP SA DAIGDIG.
ACCORDING TO ATHEIST, IF THERE IS A
GOD:
1. If there exist an ALL-WISE GOD, then this
God could have created the world in such
place that evil will have no place in it.
2. If an ALL-GOOD GOD really existed, then SUMMUM BONUM-
due to that infinite goodness, there would SUPREME GOD
have been no place for evil.
3. If there really existed an ALL-JUST GOD,
then there would have been only one
standard of justice and morality.
4. If an ALL-POWERFUL GOD really existed,
then evil could have been eradicated
from the world.
 3. ARGUMENT FROM HUMAN
ALIENATION
 THIS IS LIKEWISE KNOWN AS MARXIST ATHEISM BECAUSE IT
IS AN ARGUMENT FROM HUMAN ESTRANGEMENT, ONE OF
THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THEMES OF MARXISM.

MARXISTS
• MARXISTS BELIEVE THAT IN GOD-WORSHIP MAN
BECOMES ALIENATED NOT ONLY FROM HIMSELF BUT
ALSO FROM HIS FELLOWMEN AND FROM THE WORLD.
 HOW? WHY?
1. MAN BECOME AN IN GOD-WORSHIP, MAN MAN IS EMPTIED OF
DOES EVERYTHING EVERYTHING HE HAS AND
ALIEN UNTO ACCORDING TO GOD’S POSSESS NOTHING AS HE
HIMSELF BY WILL. HE SURRENDERS HIS HAS TRANSFERRED OR
FREEDOM TO GOD. HE PROJECTED EVERYTHING TO
BELIEVING IN CONSIDERS GOD THE GOD. AS A RESULT, MAN HAS
GOD MASTER AND HIMSELF THE BECOME AN ALIEN, A SLAVE,
SLAVE. A STRANGER UNTO HIMSELF.
“HE CEASES TO BE HUMAN. IN SUCH SITUATION, MAN IS
DEAD AND GOD IS BORN.”
 HOW? WHY?
2. MAN BECOME “PEOPLE HAVE BECOME GOD HAS BEEN THE
BITTER ENEMIES BECAUSE CAUSE OF DISUNITY
ALIENATED FROM OF THEIR RELIGIOUS RATHER THAN UNITY
OTHERS BY DOCTRINES.” AMONG MEN, AS MAN
NAG-AAWAY-AWAY ANG HAS PREFERRED TO LOVE
BELIEVING IN MGA TAO DAHIL LAMANG GOD RATHER THAN HIS
GOD SA KANILANG FELLOWMEN.
PANINIWALA SA DIYOS.
“FOR THIS REASON, THE MARXISTS SAY THAT GOD
MUST DIE IF MAN IS TO LIVE.”
 HOW? WHY?
3. MAN BECOME IN GOD-WORSHIP, THE THE GOD-WORSHIPPER
BELIEVERS IS TOO HAS SO MUCH
ALIENATED FROM DEVOTED TO THE LIFE COMMITTED HIMSELF TO
THE WORLD BY HEREAFTER OR THE THE ‘KINGDOM COME’
WORLD TO LIVE THAT HE HAS FORGOTTEN
BELIEVING GOD AUTHENTICALLY WITH HIS HIS SOCIAL CONCERNS
FELLOWMEN IN THIS FOR OTHERS HERE AND
WORLD. NOW. HE IS TOO EAGER
TO ATTAIN BEATIFIC
VISION OF GOD TO LIVE
WELL WITH HIS FELLOWS.
“AS A RESULT, MAN HAS BECOME A STRANGER IN HIS
OWN PARADISE- THIS WORLD. HE BECOMES AN ALIEN
IN HIS OWN HOME- THE EARTH.”
ANG TAO AY NAGIGING DAYUHAN SA KANYANG
SARILING LUPA AT SARILING TAHANAN.
 4. ARGUMENT FROM
FREEDOM
JEAN- PAUL SARTRE (1905-1985?)
• FRENCH EXISTENTIALIST, WHO PROFESSED THIS
TYPE OF ATHEIST.
 HE FINDS IT IMPOSSIBLE TO RECONCILE MAN AS
FREEDOM AND GOD AS CREATOR.

 ACCORDING TO SARTRE, MAN’S EXISTENCE IS

UNDENIABLE. THEREFORE, GOD DOES NOT EXIST.
NAUUNA ANG KAKANYAHAN KAYSA
KARIYANAN. NAUUNA ANG KARIYANAN
KAYSA KAKANYAHAN.
 EXISTENCE PRECEEDS ESSENCE
 FOR IF A CERTAIN “SUPERIOR
ARTISAN” CALLED GOD
CREATED MAN, IT WOULD
MEAN THAT HIS ESSENCE
HAD BEEN FORMED IN THE
MIND OF HIS CREATOR. GOD
WOULD DETERMINE HIS
ESSENCE OR NATURE SO MAN
COULD NOT BE FREE.
 WHETHER A MAN WANTS
TO BE FREE OR NOT ‘HE
IS FREE’. HUMAN HAS
“ABSOLUTE FREEDOM”
AND “CONDEMNED TO
FREEDOM”; THERE IS NO
GOD WHO CAN
INTERFERE WITH HIM.
 MAN ALONE IS THE BEING WHOSE
EXISTENCE IS PRIOR TO HIS EXISTENCE

AS HE GROWS, HE AT THE
FIRST OF ALL, MAN SAME TIME DEVELOPS
EXISTS, HE IS BORN HIMSELF AND IN THE
WITHOUT ESSENCE. PROCESS HE IS
CREATING HIS ESSENCE.

“THEREFORE, ONE SHAPES ONE’S OWN DESTINY

THROUGH ONE’S DECISION AND CHOICES.”
 IS THE TOTALITY OF
WHAT HE HAS DONE
AND ACHIEVED; THE
TOTALITY OF HIS
AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS
THE TOTALITY OF HIS
WHOLE BEING.
“ABANDONMENT”
• A SITUATION WHERE HE IS LEFT ALONE TO
BEAR THE BURDEN OF LIFE.
• WHERE MAN EXPERIENCE “ANGST” OR
“ANGUISH”

“MAN CARRIES THE WEIGHT OF THE WHOLE

WORLD ON HIS SHOULDER; HE IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR HIMSELF AND FOR THE WORLD, FOR HE AND
HE ALONE, IS THE AUTHOR OF HIMSELF AND OF
THE WORLD. MAKES HIMSELF AND MAKES THE
WORLD BE.”
 4. ARGUMENT FROM MENTAL
PROJECTION
MAN FINDS HIMSELF ALONE AND HOMELESS IN THE WORLD.
HE IS POWERLESS AND HELPLESS AGAINST THE
UNGOVERNABLE FORCES OF NATURE: SUFFERING, DISEASE,
OLD AGE AND DEATH.

DEATH IS ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY THAT IS UNDENIABLE, IRREFUTABLE AND

INEVITABLE. IN SUCH SITUATION, MAN FEELS THE NEED FOR HELP AND
GUIDANCE.

HE IMAGINES THE EXISTENCE OF A “BIG BROTHER”

(RUSSELL) OR “FATHER’FIGURE” (FREUD) THAT WOULD
PROTECT AND HELP HIM IN DREADFUL SITUATION.
• LUDWIG FEUERBACH (1804-1872) • BERTRAND RUSSELL
 FROM WHOM IT ORIGINATED  CALLED IT ARGUMENT FROM FEAR

• SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) • ERICH FROMM (1938-1980)

 WHO DELEVOPED IT  INTERPRETED IT AS ARGUMENT FROM
INCESTUOUS FIXATION
IS CONCEIVED TO BE LOVING, POWERFUL, AND JUST.

IT GIVES A MAN OF FEELING OF CERTAINTY AND SECURITY.

HE IS SOMEONE WHOM A PERSON CAN DEPEND ON FOR THE SOLUTIONS

TO HIS EARTHLY PREDICAMANENTS.

THIS CONCEPT HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED FROM GENERATION TO

ANOTHER IN SUCH A WAY THAT MEN HAVE BEEN CULTURALLY
AND HISTORICALLY CONDITIONED TO BELIEVE THAT THIS
“FATHER FIGURE” EXISTS.
Only a “MENTAL PROJECTION” or a mere “CONCEPT”
Concocted by man in beginning out of psychological necessity (also known as
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF RELIGION OR GOD)

“MEN ARE WORSHIPPING A MERE CONCEPT “GOD”

WHICH HAS NO FOUNDATION IN REALITY. THEY ARE
WORSHIPPING NOTHING OR THEIR OWN ILLUSION.”

“UNIVERSAL NEUROSIS” -Freud

 5. ARGUMENT FROM
INCESTUOUS FIXATION
INCESTUOUS FIXATION
• PARENTAL ATTACHMENT
• FROMM TRACES IT TO MOTHER-CHILD
RELATIONSHIP
THE CHILD BEGINS LIFE INSIDE THE MOTHER’S WOMB AND EXISTED THERE
FOR MUCH LONGER TIME THAN IS THE CASE WITH OTHER ANIMALS.

EVEN AFTER BIRTH, THE CHILD REMAINS PHYSICALLY

HELPLESS AND COMPLETELY DEPENDENT ON THE
MOTHER.

THUS, IN THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE, THE MOTHER ALONE IS THE

SATISFACTION OF A CHILD’S PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS.
 MOTHER IS THE SOLE
FOUNDATION OF LIFE

MOTHER IS CONTENTMENT
MOTHER IS FOOD
 • PARENTAL ATTACHMENT OF THE CHILD WHICH HE
DEVELOPS DURING HIS PROLONGED PERIOD OF
INFANCY BECOMES SO INGRAINED IN THE
SUBCONCIOUS MIND OF THE CHILD THAT EVEN
LONG AFTER HE IS WEANED FROM THE MOTHER
AND BECOMES AN ADULT, HE STILL LONGS FOR
SOME “MOTHER-FIGURES” THAT WOULD GIVE HIM
THE SAME SECURITY, CONTENTMENT, LOVE, SENSE
OF ROOTEDNESS AND BELONGING.
Sigmund Freud
• LIBIDO THEORY
• SEXUAL DESIRE IS THE REASON BEHIND
THIS SO-CALLED INCESTUOUS FIXATION
TO MOTHER
 THESE MOTHER
FIGURES ASSUME THE
FUNCTION WHICH THE
 THE FAMILY
INDIVIDUAL MOTHER
 BLOOD RELATIVES OR KINSHIP HAD ORIGINALLY DONE
 GROUP NARCISSISM FOR THE CHILD AND SO
 TRIBALISM
MAN CLINGS TO THEM.

 REGIONALISM THEY GIVE MAN A

FEELING OF CERTAINTY
 RACISM
AND PROTECTION.
 NATIONALISM
THEY SATISFY MAN’S
 ANCESTOR WORSHIP NEED FOR AN OBJECT
 HERO WORSHIP OF DEVOTION AND HIS
 GOD WORSHIP OR RELIGIONISM LONGING TO BE
RELIEVED OF THE RISKS
OF RESPONSIBILITY
AND FREEDOM.
 “MENTAL PROJECTION” –
FEUERBACH
“WISH-FULLFILLMENT” –FREUD
“INCESTUOUS FIXATION” –
FROMM

BELIEVERS IN GOD ARE THUS

DECEIVED BY THEIR OWN
“MENTAL SUBSTITUTE” ILLUSIONS.

for a real individual mother

 6. ARGUMENT FROM THE
PROJECTION OF HUMAN
CONCIOUSNESS
LUDWIG FEUERBACH (1804-1872)
• GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, MORALIST AND
THEOLOGIAN, TAUGHT THAT MAN’S OWN ESSENCE IS
THE OBJECT OF RELIGION.
• MAN PROJECTS GOD AS AN INFINITE AND TRANSCEND BEING; BUT
THESE ARE MERELY ATTRIBUTES OF MAN’S NATURE.

• DIVINE BEING IS NOTHING ELSE BUT THE HUMAN BEING, NAMELY,

MAN HIMSELF.
  IS THE CONCIOUSNESS OF THE INFINITE
 IT CAN BE NOTHING BUT MAN’S CONCIOUSNESS OF HIS
UNLIMITEDNESS AND INFINITY.

THE INFINITY OF “THE CONCIOUSNESS OF THE

MAN’S INFINITE IS NOTHING ELSE
CONCIOUSNESS IS BUT THE CONCIOUSNESS OF
THE INFINITY OF
ALSO THE INFINITE CONCIOUSNESS.”
= ANG KAMALAYAN NG KAWALANG-HANGGAN AY WALANG
IBA KUNDI ANG KAMALAYAN NG KAWALANG-HANGGANAN
GOD, NG KAMALAYAN NG TAO MISMO.
AS THE OBJECT OF RELIGION
  SINCE MAN/ RELIGIONIST INSISTS ON
CLAIMING THAT HE KNOWS ABOUT THE
EXISTENCE OF AN INFINITE, PERFECT,
UNLIMITED, AND TRANSCENDENT GOD,
THEN HE HIMSELF MUST BE INFINITE,
PERFECT, UNLIMITED AND TRANSCENDENT.

“GOD, THEREFORE, IS NOTHING BUT

THE PROJECTION OF HUMAN
CONCIOUSNESS.”

ANG DIYOS AY WALANG IBA KUNDI PINAUSLI O

PINAILANLANG NA KAMALAYANG-TAO.
 7. ARGUMENT FROM
THEOLOGICAL IRRELEVANCE
• THIS IS MORE OF A REACTION AGAINST THE
IRRELEVANCE AND OBSOLESCENCE OF TRADITIONAL
CONCEPTS of GOD THAN A FORM OF ATHEISM.

• THIS ARGUMENT IS USUALLY REFERRED TO AS CHRISTIAN ATHEISM

BECAUSE ITS PROPONENTS WERE CHRISTIAN THEOLOGIANS WHO
PROCLAIMED THE “DEATH OF GOD”.
 “DEATH-OF-GOD
THEOLOGY”
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS CENTRAL THEME OF THEIR MEDICAL SCIENCE CAN NOW
HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT A ARGUMENT IS THAT BETTER EXPLAIN WHAT GOD
RADICAL CHANGE IN OUR SOCIAL CHANGES AND SUPPOSEDLY DOES.
THINKING AND THIS CHANGE SCIENTIFICO-BIOMEDICAL
HAS CREATED A NEW IMAGE DEVELOPMENTS HAVE THE GOD EXPLANATION,
OF MAN, RENDERING OLD OUTRUN OUR THOUGHTS CONCEIVED AS AN INVISIBLE
THEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND VIEWS OF REALITY, PROVIDER TO WHOM WE RUN
OBSOLESCENT AND PARTICULARLY THE FOR IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE
IRRELEVANT.
TRADITIONAL CONCEPT AND AS A KIND OF DEUS EX
OF GOD. MACHINA WHOM WE ASK TO
“THE GOD-HYPOTHESIS IS SOLVE INSOLUBLE PROBLEMS,
IS DEAD, NOT ONLY BECAUSE
DEAD AND MODERN
HINDI NA KAILANGAN ANG WE KILLED HIM BUT BECAUSE
SCIENCE HAS BECOME A WE HAVE LONG BURIED HIM
PAGPAPALIWANAG MULA SA DIYOS.
BETTER SUBSTITUTE FOR KAYA NANG LUTASIN NG TAO ANG AS WELL.
GOD.” KANYANG SULIRANIN AT HINDI NA SYA
DAPAT SUMANGGUNI PA SA BATHALA.
(1) THE GOD HYPOTHESIS HAS THE GOD EXPLANATION HAS BECOME
BECOME INTELLECTUALY INTELLECTUALLY UNNECCESSARY.
SUPERFLUOUS
PIERRE SIMON DE LAPLACE (1749-1827)
• A French astronomer, mathematician, and a
philosopher of science, declared that he had no
need for God-hypothesis in his account of the
solar system.

NEBULA THEORY
• Planets and other heavenly bodies were formed
by the condensation of a huge, vast, and diffused
solar atmosphere in the process of its
contraction.
(1) THE GOD HYPOTHESIS HAS THE GOD EXPLANATION HAS BECOME
BECOME INTELLECTUALY INTELLECTUALLY UNNECCESSARY.
SUPERFLUOUS

(2) GOD HAS ALREADY BECOME THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES HAVE

EMOTIONALLY DISPENSABLE TAKEN ON THE DEITY’S ROLE IN
COUNSELLING HUMAN BEINGS.
(1) THE GOD HYPOTHESIS HAS THE GOD EXPLANATION HAS BECOME
BECOME INTELLECTUALY INTELLECTUALLY UNNECCESSARY.
SUPERFLUOUS

(2) GOD HAS ALREADY BECOME THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES HAVE

EMOTIONALLY DISPENSABLE TAKEN ON THE DEITY’S ROLE IN
COUNSELLING HUMAN BEINGS.

(3) GOD HAS ALREADY NO LONGER DOES AN INDIVIDUAL

SUBMIT TO DIVINE INTERVENTION OR
BECOME MORALLY LEAVE ONE’S FERTILITY TO FATE OR TO
INTOLERABLE THE BLIND FORCES OF NATURE
 TAKE A STAND AND REFLECT ANEW UPON YOUR
RELATION TO GOD.
 LIFE IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF UNFOLDING, SO
SEEK ANSWERS TO EVERY NEW QUESTIONS,
PARTICULARLY THE PROBLEM OR QESTIONS ABOUT GOD.