ON AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

(AUTOMATIC GEAR CHANGE)

DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

MECHANICAL AND AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT

PRESENTED BY:-

1- AGAM GARG (43296203616)

2- MANISH LAKWAL (01096203616)
3- SHUBHAM SINGH (01896203616)
4- SAQUIB IQBAL (41296203616)
5- AASHUTOSH VERMA (43196203616)
6- NEHAL ASHRAF (40496203616)

MAE (2 SHIFT), SECTION:- F-16

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:-

MR. NAVEEN KUMAR

We have made the project on automatic transmission or more commonly called as
automatic gear change. It is also called self shifting transmission, that can automatically
change gear or gear ratio as the vehicle moves which gives advantage to the driver as he
is free from shifting gears manually. Motor vehicle is widely used around the world. The
gear shifting system of the motor vehicle is conventionally manual. In this study, a gear
shifting mechanism is designed and applied to make the shifting process faster and less
destructible for the driver.
The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical
component in today’s automobile Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems,
hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in
perfect relation with each other which goes virtually unnoticed until there is a problem.

This report will help to understand the basic of the transmission. An automobile engine
runs
at its best RPM range and it is the transmission’s job to make sure that the power is
delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine within that range. It does through
various gear combinations. In addition to the various forward gears, a transmission also
has a neutral position, which disconnects the engine from the drive wheels, and reverse,
which causes the drive wheels to turn in the opposite direction.
A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which
provides controlled application of the power. Often the term
transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear
trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power
source to another device. The transmission reduces the higher engine
speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process.
Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and
where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.
An automatic transmission, also called auto, self shifting transmission , is
a type of motor vehicle transmission that can automatically change gear
ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift
gears manually. Like other transmission systems on vehicles, it allows
an internal combustion engine, best suited to run at a relatively high
rotational speed, to provide a range of speed and torque outputs
necessary for vehicular travel.
A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which
provides controlled application of the power. Often the term
transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear
trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power
source to another device. Different transmissions are used in the motor
vehicle such as manual transmission, hydraulic transmission, automatic
transmission. the term transmission refers to the whole drive train,
including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel
drive), differential, and final drive shafts.

Transmissions are also

used on pedal bicycles,
fixed machines, and where
different rotational speeds
and torques are adapted.
 MANUAL TRANSMISSION
A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard
transmission, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications.
It uses a driver operated clutch, usually engaged and disengaged by a foot
pedal or hand lever, for regulating torque transfer from the engine to the
transmission; and a gear selector that can be operated by hand or foot.
A conventional 5-speed manual transmission is often the standard
equipment in a base-model vehicle, while more expensive manual vehicles
are usually equipped with a 6-speed transmission instead; other options
include automatic transmissions such as a traditional automatic (hydraulic
planetary) transmission, a semi-automatic transmission, or a continuously
variable transmission (CVT). The number of forward gear ratios is often
expressed for automatic transmissions as well (e.g., 9-speed automatic).
In a manual transmission, the flywheel is attached to the engine's
crankshaft and spins along with it.
 CONTINOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION
A different type of automatic transmission is the continuously variable
transmission or CVT, which can smoothly alter its gear ratio by varying
the diameter of a pair of belt or chain-linked pulleys, wheels or cones.
Some continuously variable transmissions use a hydrostatic drive
consisting of a variable displacement pump and a hydraulic motor to
transmit power without gears. CVT designs are usually as fuel efficient as
manual transmissions in city driving, but early designs lose efficiency as
engine speed increases. A slightly different approach to CVT is the concept
of toroidal CVT or IVT (from infinitely variable transmission). These concepts
provide zero and reverse gear ratios.
Some current hybrid vehicles, notably those of Toyota, Lexus and Ford Motor
Company, have an "electronically-controlled CVT (E-CVT). In this system, the
transmission has fixed gears, but the ratio of wheel-speed to engine-speed can
be continuously varied by controlling the speed of the third input to a
differential using an electric motor-generator.
 SEMI AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

A semi-automatic transmission (also known as a clutch-less manual

transmission, auto-manual, automated manual transmission) is
an automobile transmission that combines manual
transmission and automatic transmission.
It allows convenient driver control of gear selection. For most of
automotive history, automatic transmissions already allowed some control
of gear selection using the console or shifter, usually to limit the
transmission shifting beyond a certain gear (allowing engine braking on
down hills) and/or locking out the use of overdrive gears when towing. It
enhanced such features by providing either steering wheel mounted
paddle shifters or a modified shift lever, allowing the driver to enter a
"manual mode" and select any available gear, usually in a sequential "up
shift/downshift" manner.
 AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION
An automatic transmission (commonly abbreviated as "AT") is an
automobile gearbox that can change gear ratios automatically as the
vehicle moves, thus freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually
(similar but larger devices are also used for rail road locomotives) .

Most automatic transmissions have a set selection of possible gear

ranges, often with a parking pawl feature that will lock the output shaft of
the transmission. The main component of the automatic transmission is
the converter housing case, oil pan and the extension housing. The
converter housing encloses the torque converter and the case contains
epicyclical gear train while the extension housing encloses the output
shaft. The oil pan is bolted to the case. The entire transmission unit is
attached to the engine block by means of bolts through holes in the
converter housing flange.
 COMPONENTS OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

PLANETARY GEAR SET

The automatic system for current automobiles uses a planetary gear set
instead of the traditional manual transmission gear set. The planetary gear
set contains four parts: sun gear, planet gears, planet carrier, and ring gear .
Based on this planetary set design, sun gear, planet carrier, and ring gear
spin centrifugally. By locking one of them, the planetary set can generate
three different gear ratios, including one reverse gear, without engaging and
disengaging the gear set.
Normally an automatic transmission system has two planetary gear sets with
different sizes of sun gears with their planet gears inter-meshed . Only one
planet carrier is used to connect both sets of planet gears. This is called a
compound planetary gear set. This design can generate four different gear
ratios and one reverse gear.
1- sun gear , 2- planet gear , 3- ring gear , 4- planetary carrier

PLANETARY GEAR SYSTEM

 TORQUE CONVERTER
Unlike a manual transmission system, automatic transmission doesn’t use a
clutch to disconnect power from the engine temporarily when shifting gears.
Instead, a device called a torque converter was invented to prevent power from
being temporarily disconnected from the engine and also to prevent the vehicle
from stalling when the transmission is in gear. Consider two fans facing each
other: when one of them is turned on and starts spinning, the other one will also
start spinning at a lower speed . That’s because the first fan moves the air to
drive the second fan to spin. This is the same idea as the torque converter of an
automatic transmission system, except that it uses fluid instead of air as the
transportation media.
A torque converter consists of four parts, a pump (impeller), turbine, stator, and
transmission fluid. The pump is connected to the engine and transfers engine
power to the transmission fluid. The fluid causes the turbine, which is connected
to the input shaft, to spin. The stator is used to redirect fluid returning from the
turbine before it hits the pump, again to increase the efficiency. In this design,
even when the vehicle is in gear but not moving (the turbine is forced to stop),
the pump can still keep spinning without causing the engine to stall. When the
vehicle speed is slow, the turbine is always spinning more slowly than the pump.
However, when the vehicle moves at high speed, the turbine can spin at almost
the same speed as the pump. Therefore, for modern cars, a “lock up” will occur
between pump and turbine when the vehicle is at high speed in fourth gear,
which makes the torque converter work more efficiently.
TORQUE CONVERTER
 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
It uses a special transmission fluid sent under pressure by an Oil Pump
through the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the Bands in order to
control the planetary gear sets. Both the band and clutch piston are
pressurized by the hydraulic system. The part connecting the band or
clutches to the hydraulic system is called the shift valve, while the one
connecting the hydraulic system to the output shaft is called the governor .

The governor is a centrifugal sensor with a spring loaded valve. The faster
the governor spins, the more the valve opens. The more the valve opens,
the more the fluid goes through and the higher the pressure applied on
the shift valve. Therefore, each band and clutch can be pushed to lock the
gear based on a specific spin speed detected by the governor from the
output shaft. To make the hydraulic system work efficiently, a complex
maze of passages was designed to replace a large number of tubes
 COMPUTER CONTROLS

Detect such things as throttle position, vehicle speed, engine speed, engine load,
etc. to control exact shift points

Downshift automatically when going downhill, to control speed and reduce

wear on the brakes.

Up shift when braking on a slippery surface to reduce the braking torque

applied by the engine.

Inhibit the Up shift when going into a turn on a winding road.

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE
1-Transmission fluid should be changed periodically.

2-According to ‘B & M’, the optimum operating temperature for

automatic transmission fluid is 170 degrees. For every 10 degree
increase in operating temperature, the useable life of the fluid is
reduced by half.

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

1-It's a lot less work because you don't have to worry about juggling
the gearshift with the clutch.

2-You don't need to worry about stripping your gears.

3-Car will never stall during gear shifting.

 LIMITATIONS OF AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION

1-Indirect contact of the torque converter causes the power loss during
transmission.

2-The ‘killer’ of automatic transmissions is heat. Excessive heat causes the

fluid to lose its ability to lubricate, which leads to higher internal-
component friction, all resulting in rapid wear and tear premature
transmission failure.

3-complicated planetary structure makes the transmission heavy and

easily broken.
 APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION

1-Cars,Truck and various automobiles

2-Used for faster acceleration

3-Used for improved productivity

4- for efficient use of engine power and fuel

5-Both in on-road and off-road applications

 MODEL WILL BE SIMILAR TO
THE
IMAGE SHOWN
 FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
Being able to drive means more than just understanding your gears. That's because
to shift gears, you usually don't just move the shift lever and be done with it. Instead,
you have to press the clutch pedal while you shift. Keeping the transmission and its
fluid cool, and in the correct operating-temperature range is crucial for long life.

The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is that the
manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears to the output shaft to
achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission the same set of
gears produces all of the different gear ratios. The planetary gear set is the device
that makes this possible in an automatic transmission. Driving a manual transmission
is especially painful in stop-and-go traffic, where you constantly have to change
your gear state. You might also make the case that having to concentrate on shifting
your transmission takes some of your attention away from the actual driving, which
is dangerous, because you might be concentrating on your tachometer or your
gearshift when you really should be focusing on the traffic. An automatic
transmission bypasses these problems entirely. With automatic transmission factors
like fuel economy, durability, performance, control, complexity, engine braking,
shifting speed is improved and therefore it is a ease of use.
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