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RESEARCH
PRESENTED BY
NOEL MACAWAY & JOY MANLUNAS
LET’S DO
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
DESCRIBE AND ELABORATE YOUR
THOUGHTS OF THE FOLLOWING IN
MINUTES
(1 min)
ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA, GOVERNMENT,FASHION
INDUSTRIALIZATION, TEACHING, LEADERSHIP, ECONOMICS,
EDUCATION, MORALITY
WHAT IS DESCRIPTION?
■ Study of conditions at different periods of time may be made and the change in
progress that took place may be noted or evaluated for any value it gives
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
■ Comparisons of the characteristics of two groups or cases may be made to
determine their similarities and differences
■ The variables or conditions studied in descriptive research are not usually controlled
■ It is generally cross-sectional
■ Helps FASHION MANY OF RESEARCH TOOLS such as checklists, score cards and
rating scales
TECHNIQUES UNDER DESCRIPTIVE
METHOD OF RESEARCH
■ SURVEY
■ CASE STUDY
■ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURVEY AND
CASE STUDY
SURVEY
■ Generally, children with some forms of abnormalities are the subject of case studies
■ Children with exceptional abilities, very high IQ or children with problems or
deficiencies
■ Social groups showing some kind of abnormalities or maladjustments: drug addicts,
alcoholics, chain smokers, juvenile delinquents, families with high crime rate,
depressed areas, communities with high crime rate and the like.
ADVANTAGES:
■ They are efficient for rare diseases or diseases
with a long latency period between exposure
and disease manifestation.
■ They are less costly and less time-consuming;
they are advantageous when exposure data is
expensive or hard to obtain.
■ They are advantageous when studying
dynamic populations in which follow-up is
difficult.
DISADVANTAGES:
■ They are subject to selection bias.
■ They are inefficient for rare exposures.
■ Information on exposure is subject to
observation bias.
■ They generally do not allow calculation of
incidence (absolute risk)
INFORMATION NEEDED IN CASE
STUDIES
■ Identifying data: name, sex date of birth, age, place of birth, telephone number if
any.
■ Identification and statement of the problem- any symptoms of complaints about
health, school work, family relationships, abnormal behaviour, work delinquencies,
etc.
■ Health and developmental history- details of birth whether normal or caesarian
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SURVEY AND CASE STUDY
SURVEY CASE STUDY
Investigation of a relatively large number of Investigation of a relatively small number of
class cases (Sometimes just one)
Information gathered and analysed about a Information gathered and analysed about a
small number of features of each case large number of features of each case
Quantification of data is priority Quantification of data is not priority. Indeed
qualitative data may be treated as superior
Although both methods are used to gather information, there is a key difference
between a case study and a survey. ... The key difference between the two methods is that
while case studies produce rich descriptive data, surveys do not. Instead, the data is
collected from surveys are more statistically significant.