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DESCRIPTIVE

RESEARCH
PRESENTED BY
NOEL MACAWAY & JOY MANLUNAS
LET’S DO
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
DESCRIBE AND ELABORATE YOUR
THOUGHTS OF THE FOLLOWING IN
MINUTES
(1 min)
ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA, GOVERNMENT,FASHION
INDUSTRIALIZATION, TEACHING, LEADERSHIP, ECONOMICS,
EDUCATION, MORALITY
WHAT IS DESCRIPTION?

A spoken or written REPRESENTATION or


account of a person, object, or event
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

The SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION into and


study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ACCORDING
TO AUTHORS
Manuel and Medel:
Involves comparison and contrast
Aquino:
Fact finding with adequate interpretation
Sanchez:
Comparing and contrasting involving measurements,
classifications, interpretation and evaluation
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH IS…

Purposive process of gathering, analysing,


classifying, and tabulating data about
prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs,
processes, trends, and cause-effect
relationships.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
■ Ascertains (To Find) prevailing (continuing) conditions of facts in a group or case
under study

■ It gives qualitative, quantitative or combination of both, description of the general


characteristics of the group or case under study

■ CAUSE of the prevailing conditions is not emphasized

■ Study of conditions at different periods of time may be made and the change in
progress that took place may be noted or evaluated for any value it gives
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
■ Comparisons of the characteristics of two groups or cases may be made to
determine their similarities and differences

■ The variables or conditions studied in descriptive research are not usually controlled

■ It is generally cross-sectional

■ Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be repeated for purposes of verification


and comparison.
VALUE, IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES
OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
■ Contributes much to the FORMULATION OF PRINCIPLES and generalizations
in behavioural sciences
■ Contributes much to the establishment of STANDARD NORMS OF CONDUCT,
behaviour, or performance
■ REVEALS PROBLEMS OR ABNORMAL CONDITIONS so that remedial
measures may be instituted
■ MAKES POSSIBLE THE PREDICTION OF THE FUTURE on the basis of findings
on prevailing conditions, correlations, and on the basis of reactions of
people toward certain issues.
VALUE, IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES
OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
■ Gives better and deeper UNDERSTANDING OF A PHENOMENON

■ Provides BASIS FOR DECISION MAKING

■ Helps FASHION MANY OF RESEARCH TOOLS such as checklists, score cards and
rating scales
TECHNIQUES UNDER DESCRIPTIVE
METHOD OF RESEARCH
■ SURVEY
■ CASE STUDY
■ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURVEY AND
CASE STUDY
SURVEY

■ Used to determine the opinions of a


specified population
■ Method of data collection in which
information Is gathered through oral or
written questioning
TYPES OF SURVEY
■ Online Surveys –Respondents are given ample time and
space to answer these surveys and so researchers can
expect unbiased responses
■ Paper Surveys- Most expensive method of data collection, It
includes deploying a large number of human resources
along with time and money; This survey goes when
technology fails
■ Telephonic Surveys-Conducted usually over telephones,
Time Consuming and non-conclusive
■ One-to-one Interviews- Gathering data directly from a
respondent.
■ Cross-sectional surveys -administered to a small sample
from a larger population within a small time frame. It offers
researcher a quick summary of what respondents think at
that given time. These surveys are short and quick to
answer and can measure opinion in one particular situation

■ Longitudinal surveys-Helps researchers to make an


observation and collect data over an extended period of
time

■ Retrospective survey- is a type of survey in which


respondents are asked to report events from the pas. It
allows researchers to gather data based on experiences and
beliefs of people
ADVANTAGES
■ Relatively easy to administer
■ Can be developed in less time (compared to other data-collection methods)
■ Cost-effective, but cost depends on survey mode
■ Can be administered remotely via online, mobile devices, mail, email, kiosk, or
telephone.
■ Conducted remotely can reduce or prevent geographical dependence
■ Capable of collecting data from a large number of respondents
■ Numerous questions can be asked about a subject, giving extensive flexibility in data
analysis
■ With survey software, advanced statistical techniques can be utilized to analyze survey
data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance, including the ability to
analyze multiple variables
■ A broad range of data can be collected (e.g., attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values,
behavior, factual).
■ Standardized surveys are relatively free from several types of errors
DISADVANTAGES
■ The reliability of survey data may depend on the following factors:
■ Respondents may not feel encouraged to provide accurate, honest answers
■ Respondents may not feel comfortable providing answers that present themselves in a
unfavorable manner.
■ Respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given answer because of
lack of memory on the subject, or even boredom.
■ Surveys with closed-ended questions may have a lower validity rate than other question
types.
■ Data errors due to question non-responses may exist. The number of respondents who
choose to respond to a survey question may be different from those who chose not to
respond, thus creating bias.
■ Survey question answer options could lead to unclear data because certain answer
options may be interpreted differently by respondents. For example, the answer option
“somewhat agree” may represent different things to different subjects, and have its own
meaning to each individual respondent. ‘Yes’ or ‘no’ answer options can also be
problematic. Respondents may answer “no” if the option “only once” is not available.
■ Customized surveys can run the risk of containing certain types of errors
CASE STUDY

■ A research methodology that has commonly used in


social sciences.
■ A strategy and an empirical inquiry that investigates
a phenomenon within its real-life context.
■ Descriptive and exploratory
CASE STUDY
An extensive and Intensive investigation of
a unit represented, whether the unit is an
individual, a family, a social group, an
institution, or a community, the aim of
which is to identify casual factors to some
abnormality or deficiency and to find a
recommended a solution, a treatment or
developmental procedures
CASE WORK

Refers especially to the developmental,


adjustment, remedial, or corrective
procedures that appropriately follow
diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment
or of favourable development.
CASE HISTORY

Is a biography obtained by interview and


other means, sometimes collected over the
years to enable us to understand the
problems of an individual and to suggest
ways of solving them
CLINICAL METHOD

■ Process by which we collect all available


evidence- social, psychological,
educational, biographical, and medical,
that promises to help us understand an
individual child.
WHO SHOULD BE STUDIED?

■ Generally, children with some forms of abnormalities are the subject of case studies
■ Children with exceptional abilities, very high IQ or children with problems or
deficiencies
■ Social groups showing some kind of abnormalities or maladjustments: drug addicts,
alcoholics, chain smokers, juvenile delinquents, families with high crime rate,
depressed areas, communities with high crime rate and the like.
ADVANTAGES:
■ They are efficient for rare diseases or diseases
with a long latency period between exposure
and disease manifestation.
■ They are less costly and less time-consuming;
they are advantageous when exposure data is
expensive or hard to obtain.
■ They are advantageous when studying
dynamic populations in which follow-up is
difficult.
DISADVANTAGES:
■ They are subject to selection bias.
■ They are inefficient for rare exposures.
■ Information on exposure is subject to
observation bias.
■ They generally do not allow calculation of
incidence (absolute risk)
INFORMATION NEEDED IN CASE
STUDIES
■ Identifying data: name, sex date of birth, age, place of birth, telephone number if
any.
■ Identification and statement of the problem- any symptoms of complaints about
health, school work, family relationships, abnormal behaviour, work delinquencies,
etc.
■ Health and developmental history- details of birth whether normal or caesarian
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SURVEY AND CASE STUDY
SURVEY CASE STUDY
Investigation of a relatively large number of Investigation of a relatively small number of
class cases (Sometimes just one)
Information gathered and analysed about a Information gathered and analysed about a
small number of features of each case large number of features of each case
Quantification of data is priority Quantification of data is not priority. Indeed
qualitative data may be treated as superior

Although both methods are used to gather information, there is a key difference
between a case study and a survey. ... The key difference between the two methods is that
while case studies produce rich descriptive data, surveys do not. Instead, the data is
collected from surveys are more statistically significant.

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