PSYCHOLOGY

1. THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE

CONSTRUCTION
 According to Robertson, 2011.
Although constructs such as SELF-
CONCEPT, SELF-ESTEEM, SELF-
ACTUALIZATION, SELF-EFFICIENCY and
SELF-VALIDATION have been
extensively studied in the field of
psychology, little has been done to
map the cognitive structure known as
“THE SELF”.
 THEORETICAL
APPROACHES
a.PERSONAL CONSTRUCT
THEORY
b.WATSONS AND WATTS
(2001)
c.BERNARD (2007)
 WILLIAM JAMES
(ME-SELF AND I-SELF)
He conceptualized the self as the integration of everything a person can call his/her
own. It is consisted of the following: “I” and “ME”.
1. “I”
-Person’s cognitive capacity of self-consciousness and external awareness.
2. “ME”
-Constituents of the self
-Self-feelings
-Self-seeking
-Self-preservation
CONSTITUENTS OF THE
SELF

SPIRITUAL
SELF

SOCIAL
SELF
MATERIAL SELF
SELF-FEELINGS
-Examining our social, materials and
spiritual aspects. It includes PRIDE, VANITY,
MODESTY, and etc.
SELF-SEEKING AND SELF-
PRESERVATION
-Bodily self-seeking
-Social self-seeking
 SUSAN HARTER AND THE
I-SELF
• She elaborated William James’ assumptions about
the I-self.
• The I-Self is a developmental-cognitive construct
that promotes mental health and well-being.
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• Awareness
• Sense of agency
 -Self efficacy
-Mastery Motivation
-Intrinsic motivation
-Flow
•Sense of Self-Continuity
•Self Coherence
 I-MINDSET AND WE-
MINDSET ON SOCIAL
COMPARISON EFFECTS
1.Social 3.Self-Construals
Comparison •“I” mindset
•Contrastive effect •“We” mindset
•Assimilative effect
2.Self-Activation
PSYCHOLOGY
2. GLOBAL VS. DIFFERENTIATED
MODELS
 SELF-CONCEPT
-is a system of beliefs about the self, as
well as personality, which resulted from our
interaction with the environment and
significant people.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Organized
2. Multifaceted
3. Hierarchical
4. Stable
5. Developmental
6. Evaluative
7. Differentiable
 MULTIFACETED AND
HIERARCHICAL MODEL
OF GLOBAL SELF-
CONCEPT
Shavelson and Associates (1976)
• Hierarchical Model – use to differentiate and
relate to others

• Global Self-Concept – Becomes more

distinct as we grow older.
 MARSH AND AYOTTE (2003)
The differential distinctiveness hypothesis
• Integration
• Differentiation

SELF CONCEPT
- According to them, model of self-concept is comparison of :
11 – Factors
1. General esteem
2. Physical Activities
3. Physical appearance
4. Parent relationships
5. Peer relationship
6. Read effect
7. Math effect
8. School effect
9. Read competence
10.Math competence
11.School competence
How the facets of self-concept become
more distinct and differentiate over the
year?
- Marsh and Ayotte’s (2003) study
revealed that within the developmental years
of children from grades 2 to 6, different
trends of differential distinctiveness occur.
• Small decline
• Moderate decline
• Large decline
Personlity factors become more coherent and
distinct as we grow older.
Soto, John, Gosling and Potter (2008)

- How our personality traits become distinct and

coherent with each other as we grow older.
Coherent and Differentiation;
• Extravertion
• Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
• Openness or Openness to experience
• Neuroticism
PSYCHOLOGY
3. REAL AND IDEAL SELF-CONCEPT
 Hardin and Larsen (2014) Examined
the impacts of Ideal self-actualization
(ISA) and actual self-regard (ASR) on
psychological well being.

•Ideal self-actualization (ISA)

•Actual self-regard (ASR)
PSYCHOLOGY
4. MULTIPLE VS UNIFIED SELVES
SELF
- Is
an entity’s representation of accumulated first person
experiences.

According to Marcel and Lambie, the self is unified

and has four main function:
1. Self-focus and world-focus
2. Self in experience
3. Self as object of appraisal
4. Nonconscious persisting
 Lambie and Marcel (2002) elavorated
their unitary perspective of the self in the
aspect of human emotionality.
Composed of 2 Emotion experience:
1. First-order
a. Evaluative description
b. Action attitude
2. Second-order
 Dalgleish and Power’s
Contention
“ The I of the storm-relations between self
and conscious emotion experience”
- that multiple selves occur as a form of protection from
the mentally trouble person against the sources of emotion
triggers.
MANIFESTATION:
a. Splitting of concerns in panic attacks, anger attacks
and phobias
b. Multiple self-construct and “co-conscious” selves
PSYCHOLOGY
4. TRUE vs FALSE SELVES
Avoiding our false selves
leads to better life
satisfaction
- Ogilvie (1987) conceptualized that we
have three different selves:
1. Ideal self
2. Real self
3. Undesired self
Hiding our true selves leads to
stress and depressive symptoms
- Sedlovskaya and associates’ (2013)
series of studies highlighted how concealing
a sensitive (but true) aspect of our selves
result in our psychological well-being.
GENERAL HYPOTHESES:
1. Public-private schematization
2. Distressed people with stigmatized