Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PEROXIDE
OUTLINE
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE
SHIPPING NAMES/NUMBERS
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
USES/APPLICATIONS
DEFINITION
Consists of two
hydroxy groups
joined by a covalent
oxygen-oxygen single
bond.
SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide,
aqueous solution with
not less than 20% but IMO 5.1
not more than 60%
hydrogen peroxide.
IMO (International
Maritime
Organization)
stipulates international
rules for the safe
Oxidizing
transportation of
substances (agents)
dangerous materials
by yielding oxygen
by vessels on water.
increases the risk
and intensity of fire.
ADDITIONAL NOTES
IMO Classes:
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Gases
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 4.1: Flammable solids or substances
Class 4.2: Flammable solids
Class 4.3: Substances which, in contact with
water emit flammable gasses
Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances (agents) by
yielding oxygen increase the risk and intensity of
fire
Class 5.2: Organic Peroxides – most will burn
rapidly and are sensitive to impact or friction.
Class 6.1: Toxic substances
Class 6.2: Infectious substances
Class 7: Radioactive Substances
Class 8: Corrosives
Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances
and articles
SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous
UN 2984 solutions with not less than 8
percent but less than 20 percent
hydrogen peroxide.
UN (United Nation)
Numbers four digit
numbers that identify
hazardous materials, and
articles in the framework of
international transport.
SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, stabilized or
Hydrogen peroxide aqueous
UN 2015 solutions, stabilized with more
than 60 percent hydrogen
peroxide.
SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous
UN 2014 solutions with not less than 20
percent but not more than 40
percent hydrogen peroxide.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
CAUTION:
A. HYDROGEN
* Vapors may irritate the eyes and mucous PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS
membranes. SOLUTION,
Colorless liquid STABILIZED, WITH
* Contact with most common metals and
their compounds may cause violent MORE THAN 60%
decomposition, especially in the higher HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
concentrations. (UN 2015)
*Contact with combustible materials may
result in spontaneous ignition.
CAUTION:
B. HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS Colorless *Vapors may irritate the eyes and
SOLUTION, WITH NOT mucous membranes.
Aqueous
LESS THAN 20% BUT *Under prolonged exposure to fire or
NOT MORE THAN 60% Solutionheat containers may violently rupture
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE due to decomposition.
(IMO 5.1)
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
C. HYDROGEN
White Color PEROXIDE,
STABILIZED
NOTE:
1. ODOR:
*Slightly sharp odor
*Sometimes have an odor
resembling that of ozone.
2. TASTE:
*Bitter
*Slightly acid
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
*1.463 g/cc at 32 ° F
*1.29/1.3 at 68F for concentrations greater than 52% (EPA,
1998)
*1.11 g/cc at 68 ° F (NTP, 1992)
*1.44 g/cc at 25 deg C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.4 g/cc (90%).
7. VAPOR PRESSURE:
6. VAPOR DENSITY:
*1.819 cP at 0 deg C
*1.249 cP at 20 deg C
12. CORROSIVITY:
*Corrosive
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
14. pH:
CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION
15. DECOMPOSITION:
*Rapidly decomposed by alkalies, finely
divided metals
*Agitation or contact with rough surfaces,
metals or many other substances accelerates
decomposition.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
15. DECOMPOSITION:
*When the compound is inhibited, the
decomposition occurs at a slow rate.
*Increasing the temperature also increases
the rate of the decomposition.
15. DECOMPOSITION:
*High-strength hydrogen peroxide is a very
high-energy material. When it decomposes
to oxygen and water, large amounts of heat
are liberated, leading to an increased rate of
decomposition.
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
SOD (SUPEROXIDE
DISMUTASE)
source/origin of hydrogen
peroxide
developed in nearly all living
cells as an
important antioxidant agent
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Degradation of adenosine monophosphate
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Degradation of guanosine monophosphate
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Eggs of sea urchin
Hydrogen peroxide is
extracted with water,
and the quinones are
returned to the
hydrogenator to
complete the loop.
METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
1.
2. PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY
TREATMENT OF BARIUM PEROXIDE WITH ACIDS.
Reacted barium
Reacted barium
peroxide with Reacted barium
peroxide with
hydrochloric peroxide with
nitric acid
acid where sulfuric acid
producing a low
hydrogen producing
concentration of
peroxide is barium sulfate
aqueous
formed in and hydrogen
hydrogen
conjunction with peroxide.
peroxide
barium chloride
BaO2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O2
The fractional
crystallization process
operates best to yield
hydrogen peroxide of
more than 90% hydrogen
peroxide, which can be
diluted to any desired. It
also rejects most of the
impurity
METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
4. AUTO-OXIDATION OF AN ALKYL-ANTHRAHYDROQUINONE IN
A CYCLIC CONTINOUS PROCESS
H2 + O2 = H2O2
METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
5. ELECTROLYSIS OF A SOLUTION OF OF AMMONIUM BISULFATE
IN SULFURIC ACID
BASIC EQUATIONS:
ELECTROLYSIS
2 NH4HSO4 (NH4)2S2O8 + H2
HYDROLYSIS
(NH4)2S2O8 2 NH4HSO4 + H2O2
BASIC EQUATION:
1. BLEACHING:
About 60% of the world's
production of hydrogen peroxide is
used for pulp- and paper-bleaching.
USES/APPLICATIONS
2. DETERGENTS:
*Sodium percarbonate
is the active ingredient BASIC EQUATION:
in such products 2 Na2CO3 + 3 H2O2 2Na2CO3 * 3 H2O2
as Oxi-Clean and Tide
laundry detergent.
USES/APPLICATIONS
Dibenzoyl peroxide
3. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS:
*It is used in the production of various organic
peroxides.
*Hydrogen peroxide has been used for
creating organic peroxide-based explosives,
such as acetone peroxide.
Can be used
in polymerisations, as
a flour bleaching
agent and as a treatment
for acne.
4. REFINERY
WASTEWATER
OXIDIZER TREATMENT:
5.ROCKET PROPULSION: