CALCULATION OF UPPER

TRIPPING POINT AND LOW

TRIPPING POINT
UPPER TRIGGER POINT & LOWER
TRIGGER POINT
 Positive feedback has an unusual effect on the
circuit . It forces the refrence voltage to have the
same polarity as the output voltage, the refrence
.voltage is positive when the output voltage is
high (+Vsat) and negative when the output is
low(-Vsat).
 In a schmitt trigger, the voltage at which the
output switch from +Vsat to –Vsat or vice versa
are called upper trigger point(UTP) and lower
trigger point(LTP). The difference between the
two trip points is called hysteresis.
UTP = R2/R1+R2 Vsat
LTP = R2/R1+R2(-Vsat)
Vhys = UTP-LTP
= R2/R1+R2 Vsat – R2/R1+R2 (-Vsat)
2(R2/R1+R2)Vsat

The hysteresis loop can be shifted to either side of zero point by connecting a
voltage source as shown in fig.5.
When Vo=+Vsat, the refrence voltage (UTP) is given by
UTP = (Vsat – Vr)R2/R1+R2 +Vr
When Vo = -Vsat, the refrence voltage (UTP) is given by
LTP = (-Vsat – Vr)R2/R1+R2 +Vr
If Vr is the positive loop is shifted to right side ; if Vr is Negative, the loop is
shifted to left side . The hysteresis voltage Vhys remains the same.

Non – inverting schmitt trigger:

In this case , again the feedback is given at Non – Inverting terminal . The
inverting terminal is grounded and the input voltage is connected to non –
inverting input.
To analyses the circuit behaviour , let us assume the output is negatively
saturated . The feedback voltage is also
Negative(-Vsat). Then the feedback
Voltage is also negative. The feedback
Voltage will hold the output in
Negative saturation until the input
Voltage becomes positive enough to make
Voltage positive.
Vt = (-Vsat – Vin)/R1+R2 . R2 + Vin
= - Vsat R2/ R1+R2 + Vin R1/ R1+R2
= R1/ R1+R2 .(-R2 Vsat +R1 Vin)
= R1/R1+ R2 .(-R2 Vsat/ R1 +Vin)
When Vin becomes positive and its magnitude is greater than
(R2/R1)Vsat, then the output switches to +Vsat. Therefore the UTP at
which the output switches to +Vsat, is given by
UTP = (R2 Vsat/R1)
Similarly , when the output is in positive saturation , feedback voltage is
positive. To switch output states, the input voltage has to become
negative enough to make . When its happens, the output changes to
negative state from positive saturation to negative saturation voltage
negative.
Vt = (Vsat – Vin )/R1+R2 R2+Vin
Vsat R2/R1+R2 + Vin R1 /R1+R2
 = R1/R1+R2N (R2 Vsat/R1 +Vin)
 When Vin becomes negative and its magnitude is
greater than R2/R1 Vsat , then the output switches
to –Vsat therefore,
 LTP = (-R2 Vsat/R1)

 The difference of UTP and LTP gives the hysteresis

of the schmitt trigger .
 Vhys = UTP – LTP

 = 2 (R2/R1) Vsat

 In non inverting schmitt trigger circuit , the beta is

defined as.
 Beta = R2/R1
THANK YOU