Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ANJANA SINGH
PhD SCHOLAR
USMS, GGSIPU
Ethics
2
ETHICS
ETHICS are the system of rules that governs the
ordering of values. Addresses such questions as:
What are the meanings of the ethical concepts of good
and right?
How can a person reach a conclusion about an ethical
dilemma?
Do ethical dilemmas have answers that would be
universally accepted as right, proper, and appropriate?
MORALITY VS. ETHICS
MORALITY is concerned with norms, values, and
beliefs embedded in social processes which define right
and wrong for an individual or a community
Amount of
Explicit Control
High Low
6
Forms of ethics
8
Criteria For
Ethical Decision Making
9
Factors Affecting Ethical Choices
The Manager
Levels or stages of moral development
• Pre-conventional
• Conventional
• Post-conventional
The Organization
The Environment
10
ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
Ethical Behavior is acting in ways consistent with
one’s personal values and the commonly held values of
the organization and society.
Ethical behavior is values driven.
What is considered ethical varies among moral reasoning
approaches.
What is considered ethical can vary across cultures.
Ethical dilemmas arise as tests of personal ethics and
values.
People have tendencies to rationalize unethical
behaviors.
The Four Way Test
1. Is it the TRUTH?
2. Is if FAIR to all concerned?
3. Will it build GOODWILL and better friendships?
4. Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned?
Levels of Personal Moral Development
13
The Organization
Rarely can ethical or unethical corporate actions be attributed
solely to the personal values of a single manager
Values adopted within the organization are highly important
14
The Ethical Organization
15
Cultural Issues in Ethical Behavior
Cultural Relativism
ethical behavior is always determined by cultural context
Example?
Ethical Imperialism
attempt to externally impose one’s ethical standards on others
Rationalizations for Unethical Behavior
Convincing oneself that:
behavior is not really illegal
behavior is really in everyone’s best interests
nobody will ever find out
the organization will “protect” you
Ethical Decision Making Approaches
Universalism Approach
Utilitarian Approach
Individualism Approach
Moral-Rights Approach
Justice Approach
18
Universalism Approach
22
Six Moral Rights
24
Distributive Justice
Different treatment of people should not be based on
arbitrary characteristics
25
Procedural Justice
26
Compensatory Justice
27