METHODS FOR REMOVING

HARDNESS OF WATER
Presented By:- Presented To:-

KRISHNA PATEL (18I042)

KISHAN PATEL (18I069) DR. ANKUR DWIVEDI
MAULI BHATT (18I070)
YASH THAKKAR (18I071)
DHARAK PATEL (18I072)
What is HARDNESS of water?
 What is HARDNESS?

◦Water hardness is the amount of dissolved

calcium and magnesium in the water.

◦ The soap consuming capacity of water is also referred as

Hardness in water.
◦ Hardness of water is high when dissolved minerals are both
calcium and magnesium.
 Types Of Hardness
1.Temporary Hardness

2.Permanent Hardness
 Types Of Hardness
Temporary Hardness
◦ Caused by dissolved bicarbonates
of Ca ions or Mg ions
◦ These can be easily removed by
Boiling or by addition of lime
water (Calcium Hydroxide).
Permanent Hardness
◦ Caused by dissolved sulphates
and chlorides of Ca ions or Mg
ions.
◦ They usually require more
complex and sophisticated
treatment methods -
Zeolite/permutit Method, etc.
WHY REMOVAL OF HARDNESS
IS NECESSARY?
 WHY REMOVAL OF HARDNESS IS NECESSARY?

• Hard water is harmful for drinking.

• It damages the boilers by
• sludge formation
• Scaling
• corrosion
• caustic embrittlement.
• Boiling point of water is elevated, consequently lot of fuel is
wasted.
• More soap is required to form lather, hence more soap is wasted
with hard water during washing.
2C17H35COONa + CaCl2 (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaCl
METHODS FOR REMOVAL
OF HARDNESS
 METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF
HARDNESS

1. Lime Soda Method

2. Zeolite Process / Permutit process
3. Ion-exchange Method/ Demineralisation
method
LIME SODA METHOD
 LIME SODA METHOD

Principle

• Hardness causing soluble salts are chemically converted to

insoluble salts, which gets precipitated.
• Precipitate is then removed either by settling or by filtration.
• Addition of lime (CaO) and soda (Na2CO3) to the hard water
precipitates calcium as the carbonate, and magnesium as its
hydroxide.
 LIME SODA METHOD

Chemicals Used
• Lime(Ca(OH)2)
• Soda Ash (Na2CO3)
• Coagulants/Agglomerates(Al2(SO4)3 & NaAlO2)[used in cold lime soda]

Types of Lime Soda Process

I. Cold Lime Soda
II. Hot Lime Soda
 Types of Lime Soda Method
BASIS COLD LIME HOT LIME SODA
SODA METHOD METHOD
CONDITIONS Ambient conditions 94-100˚C at 1 atm pressure

CHEMICALS USED Lime, soda, Lime, soda

coagulates/Agglomerates-
Al2(SO4)3 & NaAlO2

RESIDUAL HARDNESS The residual hardness is from 30- The residual hardness is from 15-
50ppm. 30ppm.
FORMATION OF Coagulates are formed No coagulates are formed
COAGULATES
1. Lime is used for removing the temporary and permanent hardness of
magnesium and temporary hardness of calcium.
2. Soda ash is used for removing the permanent hardness of calcium.

 Reaction Involved
• Temporary Hardness
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2 CaCO3 + 2 H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 MgCO3 + CaCO3 + 2 H2O
MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
• Permanent Hardness
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + Mg(OH)2
CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CaCO3
• Lime Soda Process is a continuous process.
 LIME SODA METHOD

 Advantages
• Hardness Reduces to Soft Water Range.
oCold Lime Soda reduces hardness of water to 30-50 ppm.
oHot Lime Soda reduces hardness of water to 15-30 ppm.
• Water obtained is alkaline in nature.
• Exothermic Reaction i.e. pathogenic bacteria get killed.
 Disadvantages
• Large amount of sludge formation takes place.
• Water obtained cannot be used in high pressure boilers.
ZEOLITE/PERMUTIT PROCESS
 ZEOLITE/PERMUTIT PROCESS

Principle
• Ion-exchange resin, (zeolite) exchanges one ion from the water
being treated for another ion that is in the resin (sodium is one
component of softening salt, with chlorine being the other). Zeolite
resin exchanges sodium for calcium and magnesium.
• If silica content pores size
• If water of hydration pores size
Chemicals used
• Na2Ze[Na2. Al2O3.xSio2.yH20 (Hydrated Sodium Aluminium
Silicate)]
• Zeolite Bed.
 Precautions
•Water should be turbidity free.
•Bigger metal ion should be removed.
•Acidic PH should be neutralized.

Zeolite

Zeolite Structure
 ZEOLITE/PERMUTIT PROCESS

REACTIONS FOR TREATMENT

1) For temporary hardness –
2Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 CaZe↓ + 2NaHCO3

2) For permanent hardness –

2Na2Ze + CaSO4 CaZe↓ + Na2SO4
2Na2Ze + MgSO4 MgZe↓ + Na2SO4
2Na2Ze + MgCl2 MgZe↓ + 2NaCl
 ZEOLITE/PERMUTIT PROCESS

Regeneration
• When the zeolite bed is exhausted, it loses its sodium exchanging
capacity, then it is regenerated by 10% brine solution.
• Other solution used are NaNO3, Na2SO4, KCl etc.
Can we use NaOH instead of NaCl?

•Regeneration Reactions:-
CaZe + 2NaCl 2Na2Ze + CaCl2
MgZe + 2NaCl 2Na2Ze + MgCl2
 ZEOLITE/PERMUTIT PROCESS

Advantages
• No sludge formation takes place.
• Treated water is alkaline.
• Residual hardness is low of the range 0-10 ppm.

Disadvantages
• Water needs prior treatment.
• It cannot remove ionic part of the hardness.
ION EXCHANGE PROCESS
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

Principle
• Ion exchange is the process through which ions in a solution
(water) are transferred to a solid (ion exchange resin) which release
ions of a different type but of the same polarity.
• The ions in solutions are replaced by different ions originally
present in the solid. The physical separation process in which the
ions exchanged are not chemically altered.
Chemicals used
• Styrene-Divinyl Benzene Copolymers
• Anion exchanger resin
• HCl
• NaOH
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

• Also known as demineralisation process.

• It involves two resins - cation exchange resin and anion exchange
resin.
• The resins usually consists of styrene-divinyl benzene copolymers,
other polymers like methacrylic acid - divinyl benzene or phenol
formal aldehyde polymers are also used.
• The ion exchange process enables the total removal of all soluble
minerals and ions from water.
• Demineralised water does not contain any softness or hardness
producing ions.
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS
CATION EXCHANGE RESIN ANION EXCHANGE RESIN
Polymer with high molecular weight Polymer with high molecular weight
containing functional groups like COOH containing functional groups like
and SO3H which are capable of donating quaternary ammonium groups which are
H+ ions. capable of donating OH- ions.

SRUCTURAL FORMULA STUCTURAL FORMULA

ION EXCHANGE PROCESS
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

 Reactions for Treatment

1. General reaction Cation Exchanger –

2(Polymer – SO3¯H+) (s) + Ca²+ (aq) ↔ (Polymer – SO3¯)2Ca²+ (s) + 2H+ (aq)

2. General reaction Anion Exchanger –

2(Polymer – NR3+OH¯) (s) + 2Cl¯ (aq) ↔ 2(Polymer – NR3+Cl¯) (s) + 2OH¯(aq)

 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

Selection of Regenerating Solution

◦ The regenerating solution should not form precipitates after
reaction.
◦ 2% H2SO4 solution can be used for regeneration of cation
exchanger and CaSO4 and MgSO4 are obtained as by-products.
◦ But if HCl solution is used for regeneration then CaCl2 and MgCl2
are obtained as by-products.
◦ CaCl2 and MgCl2 are more soluble than CaSO4 and MgSO4, HCl is
used for regeneration than 2% H2SO4 solution.
◦ NaOH solution is used for regeneration of anion exchanger.
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

Regeneration Reactions

A. Cation exchanger –

(Polymer – SO3¯)2Ca²+ (s) + 2HCl ↔ 2(Polymer – SO3¯H+) (s) + CaCl2

B. Anionic exchanger –

2(Polymer – NR3+Cl¯) (s) + 2NaOH ↔ 2(Polymer – NR3+OH¯) (s) + 2NaCl

Question:
Can we change the sequence of the anion and cation exchanger?
 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

Advantages
• No sludge formation takes place
• Treated water is alkaline.
• Residual hardness is low of the range 0-2 ppm.
• Both anions and cations are exchanged.
• Can be used in pharmaceutical uses and in high pressure boilers.
Disadvantages
• Turbid water cannot be treated, so water needs prior treatment.
• Costly Process
THANK YOU