Histology

Laboratory
Daswani, Sameer
De Guia, Aielle
Del Barrio, Jarmaine
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
• Glomerulus or the bowman’s capsule is a cup-like sack at the
beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the
mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration
of blood to form urine.
• It consists of inner layer surrounding the glomerulus and outer
layer bordering the renal corpuscle.
 IN THIS SECTION:
• Glomerulus
- Filtration
• Glomerular capsular
space or bowman’s space
- Lumen of Bowman's
capsule
• Podocytes
- filtration barrier
• Mesangial cells
HPO • Distal and proximal
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM tubules
 BOWMAN’S CAPSULE AS SIMPLE
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• The space immediately surrounding the glomerulus is the lumen
of Bowman's capsule, known as Bowman's space.
• The nuclei of the epithelial cells in bowman’s capsule reveals that
this border is composed a classic simple squamous epithelium.
The epithelium is a single layer of flat, or squamous, cells.
- Simple: only one layer of cells
- Squamous: flat and thin
- epithelium: bordering lumen
Kidney Tubules
• Kidney tubules are an essential component of an organism's blood
clearance mechanism, recovering essential metabolites from
glomerular filtration by active transport. Tubules are subject to injury,
usually as the result of ischemia–reperfusion events that damage the
polarized tubular cell layer that coats the tubule basement
membrane, causing dysfunction and necrosis that is often associated
with acute renal failure. However, tubules are capable of self‐repair,
forming new proximal tubular cells to replace failing or necrotic cells.
The origin of the progenitor cells that give rise to new tubular cells is
unknown.
• Renal Corpuscles- secretory unit of the kidney; comprises a relatively
small proportion of the kidney.
• Kidney Tubules- it is the bulk of the kidney; correspond to the duct
tree of a typical gland.
• Together they are called the Nephron
Renal Corpuscles Renal Tubules
Renal Tubules Epithelium
• Proximal convoluted tubule - which is the longest part of the renal
tubule - has a simple tall cuboidal epithelium, with a brush border
(microvilli). The epithelium almost fills the lumen, and the microvilli
increases the surface area by 30-40 fold.
• Lumen- is made up of simple squamous epithelium.
• Distal convoluted tubule- These tubules are less numerous than the
proximal convoluted tubules. The epithelial cells are cuboidal, with
very few microvilli. The cells stain more palely than those of the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Function
• Renal tubule segments are characterized by their transport
capabilities. Secretion and reabsorption across the tubules depends
on transport proteins on the apical and basolateral membrane
surfaces.
• The renal tubule also has secretory transporters on both the
basolateral and apical membranes for compounds that are acidic
(OATs) or basic (organic cation transporters [OCTs]).
 Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
• Renal tubular acidosis may be a permanent, inherited disorder in children.
However, it may be an intermittent problem in people who have other
disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, or an autoimmune
disorder (such as systemic lupus erythematosus [lupus]). Renal tubular
acidosis may also be a temporary condition brought on by blockage of the
urinary tract or by drugs, such as acetazolamide, amphotericin B,
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor
blockers (ARBs), and diuretics that conserve the body’s potassium (so-
called potassium-sparing diuretics).
• If renal tubular acidosis persists, it may damage the kidney tubules and
progress to chronic kidney disease.
• There are four types of renal tubular acidosis, types 1 through 4. The types
are distinguished by the particular abnormality in kidney function that
causes acidosis. All four types are uncommon, but type 4 is the most
common and type 3 is extremely rare.
• The tubules of the kidneys that remove acid from the blood are
damaged when a person takes certain drugs or has another disorder
that affects the kidneys.
• Often muscle weakness and diminished reflexes occur when the
disorder has been present for a long time.
• Blood tests show high acid levels and a disturbance of the
body's acid-base balance.
• Some people drink a solution of baking soda every day to neutralize
the acid.
• To function normally, body acids and alkali (such as bicarbonate) must
be balanced. Normally, the breakdown of food produces acids that
circulate in the blood. The kidneys remove acids from the blood and
excrete them in the urine. This function is predominantly carried out
by the kidney tubules. In renal tubular acidosis, the kidney tubules
malfunction in one of two ways that tend to increase acids in the
blood (metabolic acidosis):
• Too little of the acids the body produces are excreted, so acid levels in
blood increase.
• Too little of the bicarbonate that filters through the kidney tubules is
reabsorbed, so too much bicarbonate is lost in the urine.
• In renal tubular acidosis, the balance of electrolytes is also affected. Renal
tubular acidosis may lead to the following problems:
• Low or high potassium levels in the blood
• Calcium deposits in the kidneys, which may lead to kidney stones
• Dehydration
• Painful softening and bending of the bones (osteomalacia or rickets)
 Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, distensible muscular

sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pelvic bone.
When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a
pear. The main function of the urinary bladder is the
collection, temporary storage, and expulsion of urine.
Epithelium
The lining of the urinary bladder possesses a type
of stratified epithelium unique to mammals, called
Transitional epithelium that manifests features in
between stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
epithelia.
Transitional epithelium is designed to withstand
stretching. A stratified squamous type of epithelium may
be observed when the urinary bladder is full, and a
stratified cuboidal type of epithelium may be observed
when the urinary bladder is empty.
 Cystitis
Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation
of the bladder and is sometimes called interstitial cystitis (IC).
Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial
infection, and is called a urinary tract infection (UTI). A bladder
infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a
serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys.
Less commonly, cystitis may occur as a reaction to certain
drugs, radiation therapy or potential irritants, such as feminine
hygiene spray, spermicidal jellies or long-term use of a catheter.
Cystitis may also occur as a complication of another illness.
Symptoms
• A strong, persistent urge to urinate
• A burning sensation when urinating
• Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic discomfort
• A feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen
• Low-grade fever
 Causes
UTIs typically occur when bacteria outside the body
enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to
multiply. Most cases of cystitis are caused by a type of
Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria.
Bacterial bladder infections may occur in women as
a result of sexual intercourse. But even sexually inactive
girls and women are susceptible to lower urinary tract
infections because the female genital area often harbors
bacteria that can cause cystitis.
REFERENCES
• http://fblt.cz/en/skripta/vii-vylucovaci-soustava-a-acidobazicka-
rovnovaha/1-funkcni-morfologie-ledvin/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule
• http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/65
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjkcmT61btA&feature=youtu.b
e
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-L0G_dyFi8w&feature=youtu.be
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SJpItDKY7E&feature=youtu.be
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNNMYwF7dHg&feature=youtu.
be
http://teachmeanatomy.info/pelvis/viscera/bladder/
https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathological-characteristics-of-the-normal-bladder-tissues-and-IC-bladder-tissues_fig1_318593565
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/rnguide.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/renal-tubule
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/disorders-of-kidney-tubules/introduction-to-disorders-of-kidney-
tubules
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/urinary/tubules.php
Thank You!